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Diese neue Auflage beschä ftigt sich vor allem mit den jü ngsten wegweisenden Entwicklungen im Hinblick auf Design und Herstellung von OLED-Displays.
- Vermittelt Grundlagen der OLED- und verwandter Technologien fü r Anwendungen wie Displays und Solid-State-Lighting sowie Hintergrundwissen zu Verarbeitung- und Fertigungstechniken.
- Referenzwerk fü r Experten im Bereich OLED-Forschung, Fertigung, Anwendungen und Marketing.
- Behandelt Weiß -/Farbfiltertechnik, die bei groß formatigen Fernsehgerä ten Standard ist.
- Vermittelt Grundlagen der OLED- und verwandter Technologien fü r Anwendungen wie Displays und Solid-State-Lighting sowie Hintergrundwissen zu Verarbeitung- und Fertigungstechniken.
- Referenzwerk fü r Experten im Bereich OLED-Forschung, Fertigung, Anwendungen und Marketing.
- Behandelt Weiß -/Farbfiltertechnik, die bei groß formatigen Fernsehgerä ten Standard ist.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
About the Author xi
Preface xiii
Series Editor's Foreword to the Second Edition xv
1 Introduction 1
References 5
2 OLED Devices 7
2. 1 OLED Definition 7
2. 1. 1 History of OLED Research and Development 7
2. 1. 2 Luminescent Effects in Nature 8
2. 1. 3 Difference Between OLED, LED, and Inorganic ELs 11
2. 1. 3. 1 Inorganic EL 11
2. 1. 3. 2 LED 11
2. 2 Basic Device Structure 12
2. 3 Basic Light Emission Mechanism 14
2. 3. 1 Potential Energy of Molecules 14
2. 3. 2 Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) 15
2. 3. 3 Configuration of Two Electrons 17
2. 3. 4 Spin Function 20
2. 3. 5 Singlet and Triplet Excitons 20
2. 3. 6 Charge Injection from Electrodes 24
2. 3. 6. 1 Charge Injection by Schottky Thermionic Emission 25
2. 3. 6. 2 Tunneling Injection 28
2. 3. 6. 3 Vacuum-Level Shift 28
2. 3. 7 Charge Transfer and Recombination 29
2. 3. 7. 1 Charge Transfer Behavior 29
2. 3. 7. 2 Space-Charge-Limited Current 29
2. 3. 7. 3 Poole-Frenkel conduction 32
2. 3. 7. 4 Recombination and Generation of Excitons 33
2. 4 Emission Efficiency 36
2. 4. 1 Internal/External Quantum Efficiency 36
2. 4. 2 Energy Conversion and Quenching 37
2. 4. 2. 1 Internal Conversion 37
2. 4. 2. 2 Intersystem Crossing 37
2. 4. 2. 3 Doping 38
2. 4. 2. 4 Quenching 40
2. 4. 3 Outcoupling Efficiency of OLED Display 42
2. 4. 3. 1 Light Output Distribution 42
2. 4. 3. 2 Snell's Law and Critical Angle 43
2. 4. 3. 3 Loss Due to Light Extraction 44
2. 4. 3. 4 Performance Enhancement by Molecular Alignment 45
2. 5 Lifetime and Image Burning 46
2. 5. 1 Lifetime Definitions 46
2. 5. 2 Degradation Analysis and Design Optimization 47
2. 5. 3 Degradation Measurement and Mechanisms 50
2. 5. 3. 1 Acceleration Factor and Temperature Contribution 50
2. 5. 3. 2 Degradation Mechanism Variation 50
2. 6 Technologies to Enhance the Device Performance 51
2. 6. 1 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence 51
2. 6. 2 Other Types of Excited States 53
2. 6. 2. 1 Excimer and Exciplex 53
2. 6. 2. 2 Charge-Transfer Complex 53
2. 6. 3 Charge Generation Layer 54
References 56
3 OLED Manufacturing Process 61
3. 1 Material Preparation 61
3. 1. 1 Basic Material Properties 61
3. 1. 1. 1 Hole Injection Material 61
3. 1. 1. 2 Hole Transportation Material 62
3. 1. 1. 3 Emission Layer Material 62
3. 1. 1. 4 Electron Transportation Material and Charge Blocking Material 63
3. 1. 2 Purification Process 67
3. 2 Evaporation Process 68
3. 2. 1 Principle 68
3. 2. 2 Evaporation Sources 72
3. 2. 2. 1 Resistive Heating Method 72
3. 2. 2. 2 Electron Beam Evaporation 75
3. 2. 2. 3 Monitoring Thickness Using a Quartz Oscillator 76
3. 3 Encapsulation 79
3. 3. 1 Dark Spot and Edge Growth Defects 79
3. 3. 2 Light Emission from the Bottom and Top of the OLED Device 80
3. 3. 3 Bottom Emission and perimeter sealing 81
3. 3. 4 Top Emission 82
3. 3. 5 Encapsulation Technologies and Measurement 83
3. 3. 5. 1 Thin-Film Encapsulation 84
3. 3. 5. 2 Face Sealing Encapsulation 87
3. 3. 5. 3 Frit Encapsulation 88
3. 3. 5. 4 WVTR Measurement 88
3. 4 Problem Analysis 91
3. 4. 1 Ionization Potential Measurement 91
3. 4. 2 Electron Affinity Measurement 92
3. 4. 3 HPLC Analysis 93
3. 4. 4 Cyclic Voltammetry 94
References 96
4 OLED Display Module 99
4. 1 Comparison Between OLED and LCD Modules 99
4. 2 Basic Display Design and Related Characteristics 101
4. 2. 1 Luminous Intensity, Luminance, and Illuminance 101
4. 2. 1. 1 Luminous Intensity 101
4. 2. 1. 2 Luminance 102
4. 2. 1. 3 Illuminance 103
4. 2. 1. 4 Metrics Summary 104
4. 2. 1. 5 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect 106
4. 2. 2 OLED Current Efficiencies and Power Efficacies 106
4. 2. 3 Color Reproduction 109
4. 2. 4 Uniform Color Space 115
4. 2. 5 White Point Determination 116
4. 2. 6 Color Boost 119
4. 2. 7 Viewing Condition 120
4. 3 Passive-Matrix OLED Display 121
4. 3. 1 Structure 121
4. 3. 2 Pixel Driving 122
4. 4 Active-Matrix OLED Display 125
4. 4. 1 OLED Module Components 125
4. 4. 2 Two-Transistor One-Capacitor (2T1C) Driving Circuit 127
4. 4. 3 Ambient Performance 136
4. 4. 3. 1 Living Room Contrast Ratio 136
4. 4. 3. 2 Chroma Reduction Due to Ambient Light 137
4. 4. 4 Subpixel Rendering 138
References 139
5 OLED Color Patterning Technologies 143
5. 1 Color-Patterning Technologies 143
5. 1. 1 Shadow Mask Patterning 143
5. 1. 1. 1 Shadow Mask Process 143
5. 1. 1. 2 Blue Common Layer 146
5. 1. 1. 3 Polychromatic Pixel 147
5. 1. 2 White+Color Filter Patterning 148
5. 1. 3 Color Conversion Medium (CCM) Patterning 149
5. 1. 4 Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) Method 149
5. 1. 5 Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST) Method 151
5. 1. 6 Dual-Plate OLED Display (DOD) Method 152
5. 1. 7 Other Methods 153
5. 2 Solution-Processed Materials and Technologies 153
5. 3 Next-Generation OLED Manufacturing Tools 158
5. 3. 1 Vapor Injection Source Technology (VIST) Deposition 158
5. 3. 2 Hot-Wall Method 163
5. 3. 3 Organic Vapor-Phase Deposition (OVPD) Method 164
References 165
6 TFT and Driving for Active-Matrix Display 167
6. 1 TFT Structure 167
6. 2 TFT Process 169
6. 2. 1 Low-Temperature Polysilicon Process Overview 169
6. 2. 2 Thin-Film Formation 172
6. 2. 3 Patterning Technique 173
6. 2. 4 Excimer Laser Crystallization 177
6. 3 MOSFET Basics 180
6. 4 LTPS-TFT-Driven OLED Display Design 183
6. 4. 1 OFF Current 183
6. 4. 2 Driver TFT Size Restriction 184
6. 4. 3 Restriction Due to Voltage Drop 185
6. 4. 4 LTPS-TFT Pixel Compensation Circuit 190
6. 4. 4. 1 Voltage Programming 190
6. 4. 4. 2 Current Programming 192
6. 4. 4. 3 External Compensation Method 193
6. 4. 4. 4 Digital Driving 194
6. 4. 5 Circuit Integration by LTPS-TFT 197
6. 5 TFT Technologies for OLED Displays 200
6. 5. 1 Selective Annealing Method 200
6. 5. 1. 1 Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) Method 200
6. 5. 1. 2 Selective Annealing by Microlens Array 200
6. 5. 2 Microcrystalline and Superamorphous Silicon 202
6. 5. 3 Solid-Phase Crystallization 205
6. 5. 3. 1 MIC and MILC Methods 205
6. 5. 3. 2 AMFC Method 205
6. 5. 4 Oxide Semiconductors 207
References 210
7 OLED Television Applications 215
7. 1 Performance Target 215
7. 2 Scalability Concept 217
7. 2. 1 Relationship between Defect Density and Production Yield 217
7. 2. 1. 1 Purpose of Yield Simulation 217
7. 2. 1. 2 Defective Pixel Number Estimation Using the Poisson Equation 217
7. 2. 2 Scalable Technology 217
7. 2. 2. 1 Scalability 218
7. 3 Murdoch's Algorithm to Achieve Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219
7. 3. 1 A Method for Achieving Both Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219
7. 3. 2 RGBW Driving Algorithm 221
7. 4 An Approach to Achieve 100% NTSC Color Gamut With Low Power Consumption Using White + Color Filter 224
7. 4. 1 Consideration of Performance Difference between W-RGB and W-RGBW Method 224
7. 4. 1. 1 Issues of White+Color Filter Method for Large Displays 224
7. 4. 1. 2 Analysis of W-RGBW Approach to Circumvent Its Trade-off Situation 224
7. 4. 1. 3 Design of a Prototype to Demonstrate That Low Power Consumption Can Be Achieved with Large Color Gamut 229
7. 4. 1. 4 Product-Level Performance Demonstration by the Combination of Scalable Technologies 230
References 233
8 New OLED Applications 235
8. 1 Flexible Display/Wearable Displays 235
8. 1. 1 Flexible Display Applications 235
8. 1. 2 Flexible Display Substrates 235
8. 1. 3 Laser Liftoff Process 236
8. 1. 4 Barrier Technology for Flexible Displays 240
8. 1. 5 Organic TFTs for Flexible Displays 241
8. 1. 5. 1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 242
8. 1. 5. 2 Organic TFT Device Structure and Processing 243
8. 1. 5. 3 Organic TFT Characteristics 245
8. 2 Transparent Displays 245
8. 3 Tiled Display 247
8. 3. 1 Passive-Matrix Tiling 247
8. 3. 2 Active-Matrix Tiling 248
References 252
9 OLED Lighting 255
9. 1 Performance Improvement of OLED Lighting 255
9. 2 Color Rendering Index 257
9. 3 OLED Lighting Requirement 259
9. 3. 1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 260
9. 3. 2 Other Requirements 262
9. 4 Light Extraction Enhancement of OLED Lighting 262
9. 4. 1 Various Light Absorption Mechanisms 262
9. 4. 2 Microlens Array Structure 266
9. 4. 3 Diffusion Structure 266
9. 4. 4 Diffraction Structure 268
9. 4. 5 Reduction of Plasmon Absorption 268
9. 4. 5. 1 Plasmonic Loss Mechanism 268
9. 5 Color Tunable OLED Lighting 269
9. 6 OLED Lighting Design 272
9. 6. 1 Resistance Reduction 272
9. 6. 2 Current Reduction 272
9. 7 Roll-to-Roll OLED Lighting Manufacturing 273
References 275
Appendix 277
Index 281
Preface xiii
Series Editor's Foreword to the Second Edition xv
1 Introduction 1
References 5
2 OLED Devices 7
2. 1 OLED Definition 7
2. 1. 1 History of OLED Research and Development 7
2. 1. 2 Luminescent Effects in Nature 8
2. 1. 3 Difference Between OLED, LED, and Inorganic ELs 11
2. 1. 3. 1 Inorganic EL 11
2. 1. 3. 2 LED 11
2. 2 Basic Device Structure 12
2. 3 Basic Light Emission Mechanism 14
2. 3. 1 Potential Energy of Molecules 14
2. 3. 2 Highest Occupied and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) 15
2. 3. 3 Configuration of Two Electrons 17
2. 3. 4 Spin Function 20
2. 3. 5 Singlet and Triplet Excitons 20
2. 3. 6 Charge Injection from Electrodes 24
2. 3. 6. 1 Charge Injection by Schottky Thermionic Emission 25
2. 3. 6. 2 Tunneling Injection 28
2. 3. 6. 3 Vacuum-Level Shift 28
2. 3. 7 Charge Transfer and Recombination 29
2. 3. 7. 1 Charge Transfer Behavior 29
2. 3. 7. 2 Space-Charge-Limited Current 29
2. 3. 7. 3 Poole-Frenkel conduction 32
2. 3. 7. 4 Recombination and Generation of Excitons 33
2. 4 Emission Efficiency 36
2. 4. 1 Internal/External Quantum Efficiency 36
2. 4. 2 Energy Conversion and Quenching 37
2. 4. 2. 1 Internal Conversion 37
2. 4. 2. 2 Intersystem Crossing 37
2. 4. 2. 3 Doping 38
2. 4. 2. 4 Quenching 40
2. 4. 3 Outcoupling Efficiency of OLED Display 42
2. 4. 3. 1 Light Output Distribution 42
2. 4. 3. 2 Snell's Law and Critical Angle 43
2. 4. 3. 3 Loss Due to Light Extraction 44
2. 4. 3. 4 Performance Enhancement by Molecular Alignment 45
2. 5 Lifetime and Image Burning 46
2. 5. 1 Lifetime Definitions 46
2. 5. 2 Degradation Analysis and Design Optimization 47
2. 5. 3 Degradation Measurement and Mechanisms 50
2. 5. 3. 1 Acceleration Factor and Temperature Contribution 50
2. 5. 3. 2 Degradation Mechanism Variation 50
2. 6 Technologies to Enhance the Device Performance 51
2. 6. 1 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence 51
2. 6. 2 Other Types of Excited States 53
2. 6. 2. 1 Excimer and Exciplex 53
2. 6. 2. 2 Charge-Transfer Complex 53
2. 6. 3 Charge Generation Layer 54
References 56
3 OLED Manufacturing Process 61
3. 1 Material Preparation 61
3. 1. 1 Basic Material Properties 61
3. 1. 1. 1 Hole Injection Material 61
3. 1. 1. 2 Hole Transportation Material 62
3. 1. 1. 3 Emission Layer Material 62
3. 1. 1. 4 Electron Transportation Material and Charge Blocking Material 63
3. 1. 2 Purification Process 67
3. 2 Evaporation Process 68
3. 2. 1 Principle 68
3. 2. 2 Evaporation Sources 72
3. 2. 2. 1 Resistive Heating Method 72
3. 2. 2. 2 Electron Beam Evaporation 75
3. 2. 2. 3 Monitoring Thickness Using a Quartz Oscillator 76
3. 3 Encapsulation 79
3. 3. 1 Dark Spot and Edge Growth Defects 79
3. 3. 2 Light Emission from the Bottom and Top of the OLED Device 80
3. 3. 3 Bottom Emission and perimeter sealing 81
3. 3. 4 Top Emission 82
3. 3. 5 Encapsulation Technologies and Measurement 83
3. 3. 5. 1 Thin-Film Encapsulation 84
3. 3. 5. 2 Face Sealing Encapsulation 87
3. 3. 5. 3 Frit Encapsulation 88
3. 3. 5. 4 WVTR Measurement 88
3. 4 Problem Analysis 91
3. 4. 1 Ionization Potential Measurement 91
3. 4. 2 Electron Affinity Measurement 92
3. 4. 3 HPLC Analysis 93
3. 4. 4 Cyclic Voltammetry 94
References 96
4 OLED Display Module 99
4. 1 Comparison Between OLED and LCD Modules 99
4. 2 Basic Display Design and Related Characteristics 101
4. 2. 1 Luminous Intensity, Luminance, and Illuminance 101
4. 2. 1. 1 Luminous Intensity 101
4. 2. 1. 2 Luminance 102
4. 2. 1. 3 Illuminance 103
4. 2. 1. 4 Metrics Summary 104
4. 2. 1. 5 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect 106
4. 2. 2 OLED Current Efficiencies and Power Efficacies 106
4. 2. 3 Color Reproduction 109
4. 2. 4 Uniform Color Space 115
4. 2. 5 White Point Determination 116
4. 2. 6 Color Boost 119
4. 2. 7 Viewing Condition 120
4. 3 Passive-Matrix OLED Display 121
4. 3. 1 Structure 121
4. 3. 2 Pixel Driving 122
4. 4 Active-Matrix OLED Display 125
4. 4. 1 OLED Module Components 125
4. 4. 2 Two-Transistor One-Capacitor (2T1C) Driving Circuit 127
4. 4. 3 Ambient Performance 136
4. 4. 3. 1 Living Room Contrast Ratio 136
4. 4. 3. 2 Chroma Reduction Due to Ambient Light 137
4. 4. 4 Subpixel Rendering 138
References 139
5 OLED Color Patterning Technologies 143
5. 1 Color-Patterning Technologies 143
5. 1. 1 Shadow Mask Patterning 143
5. 1. 1. 1 Shadow Mask Process 143
5. 1. 1. 2 Blue Common Layer 146
5. 1. 1. 3 Polychromatic Pixel 147
5. 1. 2 White+Color Filter Patterning 148
5. 1. 3 Color Conversion Medium (CCM) Patterning 149
5. 1. 4 Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) Method 149
5. 1. 5 Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST) Method 151
5. 1. 6 Dual-Plate OLED Display (DOD) Method 152
5. 1. 7 Other Methods 153
5. 2 Solution-Processed Materials and Technologies 153
5. 3 Next-Generation OLED Manufacturing Tools 158
5. 3. 1 Vapor Injection Source Technology (VIST) Deposition 158
5. 3. 2 Hot-Wall Method 163
5. 3. 3 Organic Vapor-Phase Deposition (OVPD) Method 164
References 165
6 TFT and Driving for Active-Matrix Display 167
6. 1 TFT Structure 167
6. 2 TFT Process 169
6. 2. 1 Low-Temperature Polysilicon Process Overview 169
6. 2. 2 Thin-Film Formation 172
6. 2. 3 Patterning Technique 173
6. 2. 4 Excimer Laser Crystallization 177
6. 3 MOSFET Basics 180
6. 4 LTPS-TFT-Driven OLED Display Design 183
6. 4. 1 OFF Current 183
6. 4. 2 Driver TFT Size Restriction 184
6. 4. 3 Restriction Due to Voltage Drop 185
6. 4. 4 LTPS-TFT Pixel Compensation Circuit 190
6. 4. 4. 1 Voltage Programming 190
6. 4. 4. 2 Current Programming 192
6. 4. 4. 3 External Compensation Method 193
6. 4. 4. 4 Digital Driving 194
6. 4. 5 Circuit Integration by LTPS-TFT 197
6. 5 TFT Technologies for OLED Displays 200
6. 5. 1 Selective Annealing Method 200
6. 5. 1. 1 Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) Method 200
6. 5. 1. 2 Selective Annealing by Microlens Array 200
6. 5. 2 Microcrystalline and Superamorphous Silicon 202
6. 5. 3 Solid-Phase Crystallization 205
6. 5. 3. 1 MIC and MILC Methods 205
6. 5. 3. 2 AMFC Method 205
6. 5. 4 Oxide Semiconductors 207
References 210
7 OLED Television Applications 215
7. 1 Performance Target 215
7. 2 Scalability Concept 217
7. 2. 1 Relationship between Defect Density and Production Yield 217
7. 2. 1. 1 Purpose of Yield Simulation 217
7. 2. 1. 2 Defective Pixel Number Estimation Using the Poisson Equation 217
7. 2. 2 Scalable Technology 217
7. 2. 2. 1 Scalability 218
7. 3 Murdoch's Algorithm to Achieve Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219
7. 3. 1 A Method for Achieving Both Low Power and Wide Color Gamut 219
7. 3. 2 RGBW Driving Algorithm 221
7. 4 An Approach to Achieve 100% NTSC Color Gamut With Low Power Consumption Using White + Color Filter 224
7. 4. 1 Consideration of Performance Difference between W-RGB and W-RGBW Method 224
7. 4. 1. 1 Issues of White+Color Filter Method for Large Displays 224
7. 4. 1. 2 Analysis of W-RGBW Approach to Circumvent Its Trade-off Situation 224
7. 4. 1. 3 Design of a Prototype to Demonstrate That Low Power Consumption Can Be Achieved with Large Color Gamut 229
7. 4. 1. 4 Product-Level Performance Demonstration by the Combination of Scalable Technologies 230
References 233
8 New OLED Applications 235
8. 1 Flexible Display/Wearable Displays 235
8. 1. 1 Flexible Display Applications 235
8. 1. 2 Flexible Display Substrates 235
8. 1. 3 Laser Liftoff Process 236
8. 1. 4 Barrier Technology for Flexible Displays 240
8. 1. 5 Organic TFTs for Flexible Displays 241
8. 1. 5. 1 Organic Semiconductor Materials 242
8. 1. 5. 2 Organic TFT Device Structure and Processing 243
8. 1. 5. 3 Organic TFT Characteristics 245
8. 2 Transparent Displays 245
8. 3 Tiled Display 247
8. 3. 1 Passive-Matrix Tiling 247
8. 3. 2 Active-Matrix Tiling 248
References 252
9 OLED Lighting 255
9. 1 Performance Improvement of OLED Lighting 255
9. 2 Color Rendering Index 257
9. 3 OLED Lighting Requirement 259
9. 3. 1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 260
9. 3. 2 Other Requirements 262
9. 4 Light Extraction Enhancement of OLED Lighting 262
9. 4. 1 Various Light Absorption Mechanisms 262
9. 4. 2 Microlens Array Structure 266
9. 4. 3 Diffusion Structure 266
9. 4. 4 Diffraction Structure 268
9. 4. 5 Reduction of Plasmon Absorption 268
9. 4. 5. 1 Plasmonic Loss Mechanism 268
9. 5 Color Tunable OLED Lighting 269
9. 6 OLED Lighting Design 272
9. 6. 1 Resistance Reduction 272
9. 6. 2 Current Reduction 272
9. 7 Roll-to-Roll OLED Lighting Manufacturing 273
References 275
Appendix 277
Index 281
Produktdetails
Erscheinungsdatum
03. April 2017
Sprache
englisch
Auflage
2nd edition
Seitenanzahl
320
Autor/Autorin
Takatoshi Tsujimura
Verlag/Hersteller
Produktart
gebunden
Gewicht
630 g
Größe (L/B/H)
240/161/21 mm
ISBN
9781119187318
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