Our rationale for the second edition remains the same as for the first edition, which appeared over twenty years ago. This is to offer simplified, useful and easily understood methods for dealing with the creep of components operating under conditions met in practice. When the first edition was written, we could not claim that the methods which were introduced were well-tried. They were somewhat conjectural, although firmly based, but not sufficiently well devel oped. Since that time, the Reference Stress Methods (RSM) introduced in the book have received much scrutiny and development. The best recognition we could have of the original methods is the fact that they are now firmly embedded in codes of practice. Hopefully, we have now gone a long way towards achieving our original objectives. There are major additions to this second edition which should help to justify our claims. These include further clarification regarding Reference Stress Methods in Chapter 4. There are also new topics which depend on RSM in varying degrees: - Creep fracture is covered in Chapter 7, where methods for assessing creep crack initiation and crack growth are fully described. This chapter starts with a review of the basic concepts of fracture mechanics and follows with useful, approximate methods, compatible with the needs of design for creep and the availability of standard data. - Creep/fatigue interactions and environmental effects appear in Chapter 8.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Introduction. - 1. 1 Definition of the problem. - 1. 2 Information available. - 1. 3 The use of data in component analysis and life assessment. - 1. 4 Some basic definitions of terms used. - References. - 2 Factors affecting strain accumulation. - 2. 1 Creep under constant uniaxial stress. - 2. 2 Creep under variable uniaxial stress. - 2. 3 A comparison of uniaxial creep theories. - 2. 4 Conclusions regarding uniaxial creep theories. - 2. 5 Effects of multiaxial stress. - References. - 3 Methods of analysis for constant loading and temperature conditions. - 3. 1 Basics of stress/strain analysis. - 3. 2 Calculation of stress redistribution. - 3. 3 Methods of analysis which include damage effects. - 3. 4 Observations of general interest. - 3. 5 Other remarks. - References. - 4 Solutions to problems encountered in practice. - 4. 1 `Exact computation for variable loading. - 4. 2 Approximate calculation. - 4. 3 Reference Stress Methods. - 4. 4 Creep buckling. - 4. 5 Experiment as a design tool. - References. - 5 Continuum damage. - 5. 1 Review of differet types of continuum creep damage. - 5. 2 Modelling of damage processes and reduction to design essentials. - 5. 3 Effects of stress states. - 5. 4 Component response to continuum damage. - References. - 6 Extrapolation of creep strain and rupture data. - 6. 1 Developments of extrapolation techniques. - 6. 2 Methods of extrapolation of rupture data. - 6. 3 Extrapolation of other creep quantities. - 6. 4 Discussion of extrapolation methods. - 6. 5 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Creep fracture. - 7. 1 Fundamentals of fracture mechanics. - 7. 2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics. - 7. 3 Inelastic time-independent fracture. - 7. 4 Creep crack growth. - 7. 5 Transient creep cracking. - 7. 6 How critical is creep cracking? Putting some numbers to it. - 7. 7 Conclusion. - References. - 8Creep/fatigue/environmental interactions. - 8. 1 Isothermal creep/fatigue interaction. - 8. 2 A comparison of creep/fatigue assessment methods. - 8. 3 Environment/creep/fatigue interaction. - 8. 4 Thermal and thermomechanical fatigue. - 8. 5 Conclusion. - References. - 9 High-temperature design procedures. - 9. 1 Low-temperature design methods. - 9. 2 Design for high temperature. - 9. 3 Presentation of creep material data the isochronous curve. - 9. 4 Future developments. - References. - Appendix 1 The mechanics of tensile testing. - Appendix 2 Definition of terms involved in thin plate and thick shell problems. - Appendix 3 Optimum determination of material constants. - Appendix 4 Sample calculations. - Appendix 5 Finite element methods of structural analysis. - Appendix 6 Developments of the Kachanov damage concepts. - Appendix 7 Approximate solutions in linear elastic fracture mechanics.
