Modeling of flow and transport in groundwater has become an important focus of scientific research in recent years. Most contributions to this subject deal with flow situations, where density and viscosity changes in the fluid are neglected. This restriction may not always be justified. The models presented in the book demonstrate immpressingly that the flow pattern may be completely different when density changes are taken into account. The main applications of the models are: thermal and saline convection, geothermal flow, saltwater intrusion, flow through salt formations etc. This book not only presents basic theory, but the reader can also test his knowledge by applying the included software and can set up own models.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Introduction. - 1. 1 Density-Driven Flow. - 1. 2 Modeling. - 1. 3 Modeling Density-driven Flow in Porous Media. - 1. 4 FAST-C(2D) Modeling Software. - 2 Density and Other Water Properties. - 2. 1 Dependence on Temperature. - 2. 2 Dependence on Salinity. - 2. 3 Dependence on Pressure. - 3 Analytical Description. - 3. 1 Basic Principles. - 3. 2 Oberbeck-Boussinesq Assumption. - 3. 3 Hydraulic Head Formulation. - 3. 4 Streamfunction Formulation. - 3. 5 Vorticity Equation. - 3. 6 Extended Oberbeck-Boussinesq Assumption. - 3. 7 Dimensionless Formulation. - 3. 8 Boundary Layer Formulation. - 3. 9 Heat and Mass Transfer. - 4 Numerical Modeling (Fast-C(2D)). - 4. 1 Spatial Discretization. - 4. 2 Temporal Discretization. - 4. 3 Boundary Conditions. - 4. 4 Initial Conditions and RESTART. - 4. 5 Solution of the Nonlinear System. - 4. 6 Solution of Linear Systems. - 4. 7 Postprocessing. - 5 Steady Convection. - 5. 1 Bénard Experiments in Porous Medium. - 5. 2 Linear Analysis. - 5. 3 Bifurcation Analysis. - 5. 4 Numerical Experiments. - 6 Special Topics in Convection. - 6. 1 Thermal Convection in Slender Boxes. - 6. 2 Variable Viscosity Effects on Convection. - 6. 3 Convection in Cold Groundwater. - 6. 4 Relevance of Convection in Natural Systems. - 7 Oscillatory Convection. - 7. 1 Hopf Bifurcation. - 7. 2 Simulation. - 7. 3 Influence of Numerical Parameters. - 8 Horizontal Heat and Mass Transfer. - 8. 1 Analytical Approximations and Solutions. - 8. 2 Numerical Experiments. - 9 Elder Experiment. - 9. 1 Laboratory Experiment. - 9. 2 Numerical Experiments. - 9. 3 Related Problems. - 10 Geothermal Flow (Yusa s Example). - 10. 1 Hypothetical Situation and Analytical Description. - 10. 2 Flow Pattern Characterization. - 10. 3 Sensitivity Analysis. - 10. 4 Other Geothermal Systems. - 11 Saltwater Intrusion (Henry s Example). - 11. 1 Problem Description. - 11. 2 Sharp InterfaceApproach. - 11. 3 Henry s Example. - 11. 4 Modeling Saltwater Intrusion. - 12 Saltwater Upconing. - 12. 1 Problem Description. - 12. 2 Modeling Saltwater Upconing. - 12. 3 Case Study. - 13 Flow Across a Salt-Dome. - 13. 1 Salt Formations and Scenarios. - 13. 2 HYDROCOIN Test-Case. - 13. 3 Modeling the HYDROCOIN Test-Case. - 13. 4 FAST-C(2D) Model. - 14 Desert Sedimentary Basins. - 14. 1 System Description. - 14. 2 Numerical Modeling. - Concluding Remark. - References. - Appendix I: Fast-C(2D) Input- and Output-Files. - Input-File for FAST-C(2D). - Output-Files.
