Epictetus, born into slavery around 50 AD, later rose to become one of the most influential Stoic philosophers. After being freed, he studied under the Stoic Musonius Rufus in Rome, where he developed his teachings focused on personal ethics and mental resilience. His life and philosophy were deeply rooted in the belief that individuals should focus on what they can control and accept what they cannot. Exiled from Rome by Emperor Domitian's ban on philosophers, Epictetus founded his own school in Nicopolis, Greece. There, he taught practical wisdom, emphasizing self-mastery, inner freedom, and a disciplined approach to life's challenges. His teachings, although orally delivered, were recorded by his student Arrian, preserving his insights for future generations. Epictetus's influence extended well beyond his lifetime, shaping both ancient and modern thought. His ideas resonated with Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and later inspired thinkers of the Enlightenment and beyond. Today, his works continue to be studied for their powerful guidance on resilience, virtue, and the pursuit of inner peace.
