Isotopes in the Earth Sciences

Inhaltsverzeichnis

I: Introductory Chapters.
- 1. Introduction.
- 1.1. The Big Bang: Forces, Particles and Isotopes.
- 1.2. Supernovae, the Solar System and Isotopes.
- 1.2.1. The Allende meteorite.
- 1.2.2. Excess oxygen-16.
- 1.2.3. Other anomalies.
- 1.3. Elementary Particles.
- 1.4. Elements.
- 1.5. Radioactivity.
- 1.6. Fractionation.
- 1.7. Palaeothermometry.
- 1.8. Unstable Atomic Nuclei.
- 1.9. Beta Particles.
- 1.10. Positron Decay.
- 1.11. Electron Capture.
- 1.12. Branched Decay.
- 1.13. Alpha Decay.
- 1.14. Nuclear Fission.
- 1.15. Radioactive Decay.
- 1.16. Decay Series.
- 1.17. Radioactivity Units.
- 1.18. Neutron Activation.
- 1.19. Isotopic Translocation.
- 2. Mass Spectrometry.
- 2.1. Background.
- 2.2. The Mass Spectrometer.
- 2.3. Sample Preparation for Gas Isotope Mass Spectrometers.
- 2.4. The Inlet System.
- 2.5. The Ion Source.
- 2.6. The Mass Analyser.
- 2.7. Ionic Motions.
- 2.8. Collector Systems and Ion Current Measurements.
- 2.9. System Configuration Delta.
- 2.10. Automatic Thermal Ionization Isotope Mass Spectrometer.
- 2.11. Accelerator-Based Mass Spectrometry.
- 2.12. Laser Mass Spectrometry.
- 2.13. Ion Microprobes.
- 2.14. Isotope Dilution.-
II: Dating Methods.
- 3. Uranium, Thorium, Lead Dating.
- 3.1. Background.
- 3.2. Geochemistry.
- 3.3. Decay Series.
- 3.4. Lead.
- 3.5. U-Pb Concordia Diagrams.
- 3.6. Concordia Models.
- 3.7. U-Pb, Th-Pb, Pb-Pb Isochrons.
- 3.8. Common-Lead Dating.
- 3.9. Anomalous Leads.
- 3.10. Multistage Leads.
- 3.11. Whole-Rock Dating.
- 3.12. Lead in Feldspars.
- 3.13. Recent Advances.
- 4. Rubidium-Strontium Dating.
- 4.1. Background.
- 4.2. Geochemistry.
- 4.3. Dating Methodology.
- 4.4. Isochrons.
- 4.5. Mixtures.
- 4.6. Fictitious Isochrons.
- 4.7. Strontium Through Geological Time.
- 4.7.1. Chondrites and achondrites.
- 4.7.2. The Moon.
- 4.7.3. The isotope evolution of terrestrial strontium.
- 4.7.4. The origin of granites.
- 4.8. Strontium in Sedimentary Deposits.
- 5. Potassium-Argon and Argon-40/Argon-39 Dating.
- 5.1. Background.
- 5.2. Theory and Assumptions in Potassium-Argon Dating.
- 5.3. Thermal Loss of Argon During Metamorphism.
- 5.4. Isochrons.
- 5.5. Sedimentary Rocks.
- 5.6. Mantle-Derived Argon.
- 5.7. Geomagnetic Polarity Reversals.
- 5.8. The Metamorphic Veil of R L. Armstrong.
- 5.9. Precambrian Time Scale.
- 5.10. Argon-40/Argon-39 Dating.
- 5.11. Theory.
- 5.12. Incremental Heating.
- 5.13. Correlation of Argon Isotopes.
- 5.14. Caveats.
- 5.15. Developments.
- 6. Carbon-14 Dating.
- 6.1. Background.
- 6.2. Discovery.
- 6.3. Carbon-14 Dating.
- 6.4. Isotope Fractionation.
- 6.5. Analytical Methods.
- 6.6. Carbonate Samples.
- 7. Tritium Dating.
- 7.1. Background.
- 7.2. Tritium Dating.
- 8. Other Dating Methods.
- 8.1. Samarium-Neodymium Dating.
- 8.1.1. Geochemistry.
- 8.1.2. Assessment of ages.
- 8.1.3. Neodymium through geological time.
- 8.1.4. Recent advances.
- 8.2. Rhenium-Osmium Dating.
- 8.2.1. Geochemistry.
- 8.2.2. Assessment of ages.
- 8.2.3. Osmium through geological time.
- 8.2.4. Common-osmium dating.
- 8.2.5. The C-T iridium anomaly.
- 8.3. Potassium-Calcium Dating.
- 8.3.1. Calcium isotopes fractionation.
- 8.3.2. Potassium-calcium dating approach.
- 8.4. Calcium Diffusion Dating.
- 8.4.1. Theory.
- 8.4.2. Calculation of D'.
- 8.5. Lutetium-Hafnium Dating.
- 8.5.1. Geochemistry.
- 8.5.2. Assessment of ages.
- 8.5.3. Hafnium through geological time.
- 8.6. Uranium Series Disequilibrium Dating.
- 8.6.1. Ionium dating of deep sea sediments.
- 8.6.2. The uranium-234-uranium-238 geochronometer.
- 8.6.3. Thorium-230-uranium-238, thorium-230-uranium-234 dating.
- 8.6.4. Ionium-protactinium dating.
- 8.6.5. Lead-210 dating.
- 8.7. Radiation-Damage Methods.
- 8.7.1. Electron spin resonance.
- 8.7.2. Thermoluminescence.
- 8.7.3. Pleochroic haloes.
- 8.7.4. Fission track dating.-
III: Environmental Isotopes.
- 9. Environmental Isotopes in the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere.
- 9.1. Background.
- 9.2. Stable Isotopes of Oxygen and Hydrogen in the Hydrosphere.
- 9.3. Stratigraphy of Ice and Snow.
- 9.4. Sea Water Isotopic Composition.
- 9.5. Oceanic Palaeothermometry.
- 9.6. Variation of ?18O in Sea Water.
- 9.6.1. Biogenic silica.
- 9.6.2. Biogenic phosphate.
- 9.7. Geothermal Waters.
- 9.8. Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Hydrologic Cycle.
- 9.9. Sediment Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides.
- 9.9.1. Manganese nodules.
- 9.9.2. Beryllium-10 in volcanics.
- 9.10. Dating Ice Sheets and Groundwaters.
- 9.10.1. Beryllium-10 and aluminium-26.
- 9.10.2. Chlorine-36.
- 9.10.3. Silicon-32.
- 9.10.4. Argon-39.
- 9.10.5. Krypton-81 and krypton-85.
- 9.11. Exposure Ages of Terrestrial Rocks and Meteorites.
- 9.12. Nitrogen.
- 9.13. Sulphur.
- 9.14. Strontium.
- 9.14.1. Fresh-water carbonates.
- 9.14.2. Oceans.
- 9.15. Neodymium.
- 9.16. Artificial Isotope Hydrology.
- 10. Isotopes in the Biosphere.
- 10.1. A Basis for Terrestrial Life.
- 10.2. Biospheric Carbon.
- 10.3. Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (TDC) in Natural Fresh Waters.
- 10.4. ?13Cof Marine Planktonic and Particulate Organic Carbon.
- 10.5. Kerogen and Proto-Kerogen ?13C in Marine Sediments.
- 10.6. ?13C of Ocean Total Dissolved Carbon.
- 10.7. Organic Material Degradation in Anoxic Porewaters.
- 10.8. Carbonate Minerals and Carbon-Rich Sediments.
- 10.9. Fossil Fuels.
- 10.9.1. Coal and lead.
- 10.9.2. Coal and sulphur.
- 11. Isotopes in the Lithosphere.
- 11.1. Oxygen in Rocks.
- 11.2. Stony Meteorites and Lunar Rocks.
- 11.3. Hydrothermal Ore Deposits.
- 11.4. Volcanic Rocks and Batholiths.
- 11.5. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Compositions in Sedimentary Rocks.
- 11.6. Oxygen in Metamorphosed Rocks.
- 11.7. Nitrogen in Igneous Rocks.
- 11.8. Sulphur in Igneous Rocks.
- 11.9. Sulphide Ores.
- 11.10. Native Sulphur.
- 11.11. Precambrian Sedimentary Rocks.
- 11.12. Carbon: Carbonatites, Diamonds.
- 11.13. Carbon: Marble, Graphite, Calcite-Graphite Isotope Geothermometer.
- 11.13.1. Calcite-graphite isotope geothermometer.
- 12. Isotopes in Palaeoclimatology.
- 12.1. Background.
- 12.2. Oxygen Isotope Composition in the Past.
- 12.3. Cretaceous Extinctions.
- 12.4. Campanian-to-Palaeocene Palaeotemperature and Carbon Isotope Sequence.
- 12.4.1. Surface temperatures.
- 12.4.2. Bottom temperatures.
- 12.4.3. Surface carbon isotopic values.
- 12.4.4. Surface-to-bottom carbon isotope differences.
- 12.5. Oxygen Isotopes in Neogene Molluscan Fossils and Quaternary Foraminifera.
- 12.6. Comparison of Isotopes and Plankton in a Late Quaternary Core.
- 12.7. Stratigraphical Uncertainty Arising from Bioturbation.
- 12.8. Further Foraminiferal Work.
- 12.9. Ostracods.
- 12.10. Some Carbon-13/Carbon-12 Data.
- 12.10.1. Changes in the oceanic carbon- 13/carbon-12 ratio during the last 140 000 years.
- 12.10.2. The carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio now.
- 12.11. ?13C and Animal Diets.
- 13. Radioactive Waste.
- 13.1. Background.
- 13.2. Nuclear Power.
- 13.3. Chernobyl, USSR.
- 13.4. Sizewell, England.
- 13.5. Probability of Nuclear Reactor Accidents.
- 13.6. Nuclear Waste Disposal.
- 13.7. Selection of Nuclear Waste Sites.
- 13.8. Appropriate Geological Environments for Deep Underground Repositories for Nuclear Wastes in the UK.
- 13.8.1. Inland basins.
- 13.8.2. Seawardly dipping and off-shore sediments.
- 13.8.3. Lower permeability basement under a sedimentary cover.
- 13.8.4. Hard rocks in low-relief terrane.
- 13.8.5. Small islands.
- 13.9. Fast-Breeder Reactors.
- 13.10. The Problem of 94239Pu.
- 13.11. A Matter of Balance.- Appendixes.
- 1. The Exchange of Oxygen Isotopes in Carbon Dioxide-Phosphoric Acid Systems.
- 2. Concentration and Purification of Zircon.
- 3. A Palaeotemperature Equation for Planktonic Foraminifera.- Author Index.