Implementing Climate Change Policy

Over a time lapse of only about 170 years, the trajectory of greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere has exceeded the 1. 5°C security level established in the Paris Agreement. States and international organisations have thus far addressed global warming primarily by means of policy-making and law-making that is, from the standpoint of primary rules, but convergence is still limited. Climate science indeed warns that the timely achievement of carbon neutrality by 2050 currently necessitates drastic cuts in GHG emissions on a yearly basis. Can therefore a progressive implementation of secondary norms, that is, sanctions and ensuing enforcement procedures, meaningfully contribute to fostering a fast transition to a low-carbon economy based on renewables and, possibly, nuclear energy and further innovative technologies, including corresponding adaptation measures? Hard and soft mechanisms, both public and private in nature, whereby enforceable sanctions integrate goal setting, pledges and a variety of behavioural incentives, disclose a fragmented enforcement deficit , which compels case-by-case decentralised solutions, whereby the threshold is by now set at a 2°C temperature increase above pre-industrial levels, with fast-approaching tipping points.

Climate change emission reductions to limit warming. - Governing through rules goals and pledges the evolution of behavioural mechanisms in the climate regime. - Climate change mitigation and adaptation an obligation of means or result a jurisdictional approach. - The big problem with the big actor. - Defining and enforcing net zero carbon governance for a corporation operating in the agricultural sector in italy through consumer protection. - Enforcement of international sustainability in climate policies via private law: A comparative case study in greenwash laws. - Private actors and climate policy the problem of slapp lawsuits. - Enforcing climate judgments. - Enforcing climate obligations in failed states with special reference to the sahel region. - Beyond sovereignty enforcing climate obligations in the antarctic space. - Enforcing climate obligations through international organisations the eu and investment. - From climate diplomacy to enforcement in eu trade agreements. - Justifying climate enforcement mechanisms in eu trade and investment agreements as international countermeasures. - International tribunals contributing to enforcing climate change obligations through advisory functions.