Hormones

The 3rd edition of Hormones offers a comprehensive treatment of the hormones of humans all viewed from the context of current theories of their action in the framework of our current understanding their physiological actions as well as their molecular structures, and those of their receptors. This new edition of Hormones is intended to be used by advanced undergraduates and graduate students in the biological sciences. It will also provide useful background information for first year medical students as they engage in studies which are increasingly problem-based rather than discipline-focused. As the field of endocrinology itself has expanded so much in the past two decades, the up to date presentation of the basics presented in this book will be a solid foundation on which more specialized considerations can be based.

New to this Edition: Hormones, 3rd Edition is organized with two introductory chapters followed by 15 chapters on selected topics of the molecular biology of the major endocrine systems operative in humans. Coverage, for the first time of the following hormones; ghrelin, oxyntomodulin, kisspeptin, adrenomedullin, FGF23, erythropoietin, VIP and extended coverage of NO. Coverage of the hypothalamus has been integrated with the anterior pituitary because of the intimate functional and relationship between the two. Consideration of the role of hormones in cancer has been integrated into the chapters on the relevant hormones. Each of these areas occupies a unique niche in our understanding of the biological world and is part of the universality of signaling systems and how they govern biological systems.

• Organized with two introductory chapters, followed by 15 chapters on selected topics of the molecular biology of the major human endocrine systems
• New full color format includes over 300 full color, completely redrawn images
• Companion web site will host all images from the book as PPT slides and . jpeg files
• All chapters have been completely updated and revitalized. Coverage of the hypothalamus has been integrated into the anterior pituitary chapter and coverage of the thymus has been eliminated and left to immunology textbooks
• Provides essential basics for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in the biological sciences, as well as first year medical students as they engage in studies which are increasingly problem-based rather than discipline-focused

1;Front Cover;1 2;Hormones;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Contents;6 5;Preface;14 6;About the Cover;16 6.1;Front Cover Image;16 6.2;Back Cover Image;16 7;1 Hormones: An Introduction;18 7.1;I. Overview of Hormones;18 7.1.1;A. Introduction;18 7.1.2;B. Review of Animal Cell Structure;19 7.1.3;C. Hormones and Their Communication Systems;22 7.1.4;D. Biosynthesis of Peptide and Protein Hormones;23 7.1.5;E. Regulation of Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Serum Levels;25 7.2;II. Hormone Receptors;26 7.2.1;A. Introduction;26 7.2.2;B. Membrane Receptors;27 7.2.3;C. The Nuclear Receptor Family;29 7.2.4;D. Measurement of HormoneReceptor Interactions;31 7.3;III. Mechanisms of Hormone Action;33 7.3.1;A. Cell Signaling by Membrane Receptors;33 7.3.2;B. Regulation of Gene Transcription by Steroid Hormones;37 7.3.3;C. Membrane-Initiated Actions by Steroid Hormones;38 7.4;IV. Clinical Aspects;39 7.5;Further Reading;42 8;2 Steroid Hormones: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism;44 8.1;I. Introduction;44 8.1.1;A. General Comments;44 8.1.2;B. Historical Perspective;44 8.1.3;C. Radioactive Steroids;45 8.1.4;D. Molecular Biology Contributions;45 8.2;II. Chemistry of Steroids;45 8.2.1;A. Basic Ring Structure;45 8.2.2;B. Classes of Steroids;45 8.2.3;C. Structural Modification;47 8.2.4;D. Asymmetric Carbons;47 8.2.5;E. Conformational Flexibility of Steroids;49 8.2.6;F. Other Steroid Structures;52 8.3;III. Biosynthesis of Steroids;53 8.3.1;A. Introduction;53 8.3.2;B. Properties Steroidogenic Enzymes;56 8.3.3;C. Biosynthesis of Pregnenolone and Progestins;66 8.3.4;D. Biosynthesis of Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Some Androgens;67 8.3.5;E. Biosynthesis of Androgens;67 8.3.6;F. Biosynthesis of Progesterone and Estrogens;67 8.3.7;G. Biosynthesis of Vitamin D Metabolites;68 8.3.8;H. Biosynthesis of Bile Acids;68 8.4;IV. Serum Binding Proteins for Steroid Hormones;68 8.4.1;A. Introduction;68 8.4.2;B. Serum Binding Proteins for Steroid Hormones;69 8.5;Further Reading;70 9;3 The H
ypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary;72 9.1;I. Introduction;72 9.1.1;A. Overview and CNS Control of the Hypothalamus;72 9.1.2;B. Hypothalamic Control of the Pituitary Gland;72 9.1.3;C. Pituitary Control of Distal Endocrine Glands;74 9.1.4;D. Neuroendocrine Axis Feedback;75 9.2;II. Anatomical Relationships;75 9.2.1;A. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Anatomy;75 9.2.2;B. Hypothalamic Neural Connections;76 9.2.3;C. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Circulatory System;77 9.3;III. Structure, Synthesis, Secretion, and Target Cells of the Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones;77 9.3.1;A. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone;78 9.3.2;B. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone;80 9.3.3;C. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone;81 9.3.4;D. Hypothalamic Control of Growth Hormone Secretion;82 9.3.5;E. Hypothalamic Control of Prolactin Secretion;83 9.4;IV. Chemistry of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones;83 9.4.1;A. Glycoprotein Hormones;83 9.4.2;B. Growth Hormone;84 9.4.3;C. Prolactin;84 9.4.4;D. POMC Derivatives: ACTH, a-MSH, ß-Lipotropin, Endorphin;85 9.5;V. Regulation and Biological Actions of Growth Hormone and Prolactin;86 9.5.1;A. Growth Hormone;86 9.5.2;B. Prolactin;91 9.6;VI. The Hypothalamus and Appetite Regulation;93 9.7;VII. Clinical Aspects;94 9.7.1;A. Hypothalamus;94 9.7.2;B. Pituitary;94 9.8;Further Reading;96 10;4 Posterior Pituitary Hormones;98 10.1;I. Introduction;98 10.2;II. Anatomy of the Posterior Pituitary;98 10.3;III. Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Secretion of the Posterior Pituitary Hormones;98 10.3.1;A. Structures of Oxytocin and Vasopressin;98 10.3.2;B. Synthesis and Secretion of Vasopressin and Oxytocin;100 10.4;IV. Biological Actions of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP);101 10.4.1;A. AVP Receptors;101 10.4.2;B. AVP Regulation of Water Handling;101 10.4.3;C. Cardiovascular Effects of AVP;101 10.4.4;D. Effects of AVP on Glucose Homeostasis;102 10.4.5;E. Effects of AVP on ACTH Secretion;102 10.4.6;F. AVP and the Brain;103 10.5;V. Biological Actions of Oxytocin;103 10.5.1;A. The Oxytocin Receptor;103 10.5.2;B. Oxytoci
n and Parturition;103 10.5.3;C. Oxytocin and Lactation;104 10.5.4;D. Oxytocin and the Brain;104 10.6;VI. Clinical Aspects;104 10.6.1;A. Oxytocin;104 10.6.2;B. Diabetes Insipidus;105 10.7;Further Reading;105 11;5 Thyroid Hormones;106 11.1;I. Introduction;106 11.1.1;A. The Thyroid Gland and Its Hormones;106 11.1.2;B. Iodine Metabolism;106 11.2;II. Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland;107 11.3;III. Chemistry of the Thyroid Hormones;108 11.4;IV. Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones;108 11.4.1;A. The Thyroid Epithelial Cell;108 11.4.2;B. Thyroglobulin;109 11.4.3;C. Iodide Uptake: The Na+/I Symporter;110 11.4.4;D. Thyroid Peroxidase and DUOX: Tyrosine Iodination and Coupling;111 11.4.5;E. Thyroglobulin Storage, Endocytosis, and Breakdown;112 11.4.6;F. Secretion of T4 and T3 and Recycling of I ;113 11.4.7;G. Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones;113 11.4.8;H. Antithyroid Drugs;115 11.5;V. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion;116 11.5.1;A. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis;116 11.5.2;B. Autoregulation;117 11.5.3;C. Effects of TSH on the Thyroid Epithelial Cell;117 11.6;VI. Biological Actions of T3;118 11.6.1;A. Thyroid Hormone Receptor;118 11.6.2;B. Membrane Mediated Actions of Thyroid Hormone;120 11.6.3;C. Basal Metabolic Rate and Thermogenesis;120 11.6.4;D. Metabolic Actions;121 11.6.5;E. Neurodevelopment;121 11.7;VII. Clinical Aspects;121 11.7.1;A. Clinical Features of Hyper- and Hypothyroidism;121 11.7.2;B. Hyperthyroidism: Etiology and Treatment;123 11.7.3;C. Hypothyroidism: Etiology and Treatment;123 11.8;Further Reading;124 12;6 Pancreatic Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon;126 12.1;I. Introduction;126 12.1.1;A. Background Information;126 12.1.2;B. Regulation of Blood Glucose;126 12.1.3;C. Nutritional and Metabolic Interrelationships;128 12.2;II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships;130 12.2.1;A. Anatomy of the Hepatopancreatic Complex;130 12.3;III. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biological Activities of the Pancreatic Hormones;133 12.3
.1;A. Insulin;133 12.3.2;B. Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptides;141 12.3.3;C. Insulin and Glucagon Collaborations;145 12.3.4;D. Leptin;149 12.3.5;E. Other Pancreatic Hormones;152 12.4;IV. Clinical Aspects;153 12.4.1;A. Diabetes Mellitus;153 12.5;Further Reading;155 13;7 Gastrointestinal Hormones;158 13.1;I. Introduction;158 13.1.1;A. Background;158 13.1.2;B. Resume of the Gastrointestinal Hormones;158 13.1.3;C. Problems of Food Processing and Digestion;160 13.2;II. Anatomical and Physiological Relationships;160 13.2.1;A. Gastroenteropancreatic System;160 13.2.2;B. Stomach;162 13.2.3;C. Small Intestine and Colon;164 13.2.4;D. Hormone-Secreting Cells: Their Distribution in the Gastroenteropancreatic Complex;165 13.2.5;E. Pancreatic, Biliary, and Intestinal Secretions;166 13.2.6;F. Coordination of Gastroenteropancreatic Hormone Release;168 13.2.7;G. Motor Functions of the Intestinal Tract;169 13.2.8;H. BrainGut Axis;170 13.3;III. Biochemical Properties and Molecular Actions;170 13.3.1;A. General Relationships;170 13.3.2;B. Cholecystokinin/Gastrin Family;171 13.3.3;C. Secretin Family: Secretin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide;173 13.3.4;D. Pancreatic Polypeptide Family: Peptide YY and Neuropeptide Y;174 13.3.5;E. Bombesin and Related Peptides: Gastrin Releasing Peptide and Neuromedin C;174 13.3.6;F. Tachykinin Family: Substance P and Neurokinins A and B;175 13.3.7;G. Neurotensin;176 13.3.8;H. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Family: Amylin;177 13.3.9;I. Enteroglucagon and Oxyntomodulin;177 13.3.10;J. Motilin;178 13.3.11;K. Somatostatin;179 13.3.12;L. Gastric Acid Secretion;179 13.3.13;M. Ghrelin, Leptin, and Energy Use;181 13.4;IV. Clinical Aspects;185 13.4.1;A. Peptic Ulcer Disease;185 13.4.2;B. Carcinoid Syndrome;185 13.4.3;C. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome;186 13.5;Further Reading;186 14;8 Eicosanoids;188 14.1;I. Introduction;188 14.2;II. Structure and Nomenclature of Eicosanoids;189 14.3;III. Synthesis and Inactivation of Eicosanoids;189 14.3.1;A. Overview of Eicosanoid Sy
nthesis;189 14.3.2;B. Phospholipase A2;191 14.3.3;C. Prostaglandin H Synthase/Cyclooxygenase;194 14.3.4;D. Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors;195 14.3.5;E. Lipoxygenase;195 14.3.6;F. Transport and Inactivation of Prostanoids;197 14.4;IV. Eicosanoid Receptors and Signaling;198 14.5;V. Examples of Biological Actions of Prostaglandins;198 14.5.1;A. Prostacyclin and Thromboxane in the Vasculature;199 14.5.2;B. Prostaglandins in the Kidney;199 14.5.3;C. Prostaglandins and Pain Perception;200 14.5.4;D. Prostaglandins in Reproduction;201 14.6;VI. Clinical Aspects;202 14.6.1;A. Prostaglandins and Cancer;202 14.6.2;B. Leukotrienes in Human Disease;203 14.7;Further Reading;204 15;9 Calcium-Regulating Hormones: Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23;206 15.1;I. Introduction;206 15.1.1;A. Background Information;206 15.1.2;B. Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis;207 15.2;II. Anatomical and Physiological Relationships;209 15.2.1;A. Intestine;209 15.2.2;B. Bone;209 15.2.3;C. Kidney;212 15.2.4;D. Parathyroid Gland;212 15.2.5;E. Calcitonin-Secreting Cells;212 15.3;III. Chemistry and Biochemistry;213 15.3.1;A. Vitamin D and 1a,25(OH)2D3;213 15.3.2;B. Parathyroid Hormone;215 15.3.3;C. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein;217 15.3.4;D. Calcitonin;218 15.3.5;E. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23;219 15.4;IV. Biology and Molecular Actions;219 15.4.1;A. Parathyroid Hormone Receptor and Biological Actions;219 15.4.2;B. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Receptor and Biological Actions;220 15.4.3;C. Calcitonin Receptor and Biological Actions;222 15.4.4;D. Vitamin D Receptor and Biological Actions;223 15.4.5;E. Fibroblast Growth Factor-23;230 15.4.6;F. Integrated Actions of 1a,25(OH)2D3, PTH, Calcitonin, and FGF23 on Bone Remodeling and Calcium Homeostasis;232 15.5;V. Clinical Aspects;234 15.5.1;A. Vitamin D Nutrition;234 15.5.2;B. Osteoporosis;235 15.5.3;C. Tuberculosis;236 15.5.4;D. Parathyroid Hormone;236 15.5.5;E. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein;237 15.5.6;F. Calci
tonin;237 15.5.7;G. FGF23;237 15.6;Further Reading;238 16;10 Adrenal Corticoids;240 16.1;I. Introduction;240 16.1.1;A. Background;240 16.1.2;B. Glucocorticoids;240 16.1.3;C. Mineralocorticoids;240 16.2;II. Anatomy;241 16.2.1;A. Adrenal Cortex;241 16.2.2;B. Liver;242 16.3;III. Biochemistry and Biosynthesis of Adrenal Steroids and Testosterone Steroids;242 16.4;IV. Biological and Molecular Actions of Glucocorticoids;244 16.4.1;A. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis;244 16.4.2;B. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone;244 16.4.3;C. Transport of Glucocorticoids in the Blood (CBG);244 16.4.4;D. ACTH Modes of Action;247 16.4.5;E. Glucocorticoids and Stress;248 16.4.6;F. Immunosuppression and Apoptosis Induced by Glucocorticoids;250 16.4.7;G. Feedback Effects of Glucocorticoids;250 16.4.8;H. Glucocorticoid Receptor;251 16.4.9;I. Dehydroepiandrosterone and Zona Reticularis;251 16.5;V. Clinical Aspects;251 16.5.1;A. Cushings Disease;251 16.5.2;B. Addisons Disease;252 16.5.3;C. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Others;253 16.5.4;D. Mifepristone (RU-486);253 16.6;Further Reading;255 17;11 Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla;256 17.1;I. Introduction;256 17.2;II. Anatomical and Physiological Relationships;256 17.2.1;A. The Adrenal Gland;256 17.2.2;B. The Adrenal Medulla and the Sympathetic Nervous System;257 17.2.3;C. Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal;259 17.3;III. Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Catecholamines;259 17.3.1;A. Biosynthesis and Secretion of Catecholamines;259 17.3.2;B. Regulation of Catecholamine Synthesis and Secretion;260 17.3.3;C. Catabolism of Catecholamines;263 17.3.4;D. Pharmacology of Catecholamines;264 17.4;IV. Biological Actions of Catecholamines;265 17.4.1;A. Adrenergic Receptors;265 17.4.2;B. Biological Responses to Epinephrine;265 17.5;V. Clinical Aspects;268 17.5.1;A. Pheochromocytoma;268 17.5.2;B. Chronic Stress;270 17.6;Further Reading;270 18;12 Androgens;272 18.1;I. Introduction;272 18.2;II. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System;272 18.2.1;A. Testes, Ducts,
and Accessory Structures;272 18.2.2;B. Seminiferous Tubules;274 18.2.3;C. Leydig/Interstitial Cells;274 18.3;III. Chemistry and Metabolism of Androgens;274 18.3.1;A. Androgens and Related Molecules;274 18.3.2;B. Androgen Biosynthesis;277 18.3.3;C. Modification of Testosterone in Target Tissues;277 18.3.4;D. Sex Hormone-binding Globulin;279 18.3.5;E. Catabolism of Androgens;279 18.4;IV. Regulation of Androgen Production;279 18.4.1;A. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testes Axis: Hormonal Control of the Testis;279 18.4.2;B. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testis Axis: Feedback Control;281 18.4.3;C. Prolactin;282 18.5;V. Biological Responses to Androgens;282 18.5.1;A. The Androgen Receptor;282 18.5.2;B. Sexual Differentiation;283 18.5.3;C. Puberty;285 18.5.4;D. Spermatogenesis;287 18.5.5;E. Estrogens in Males;288 18.5.6;F. Androgens in Females;288 18.6;VI. Clinical Aspects;289 18.6.1;A. 5a-Reductase Deficiency;289 18.6.2;B. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome;289 18.6.3;C. Androgen Abuse;289 18.6.4;D. Prostate Cancer;289 18.7;Further Reading;290 19;13 Estrogens and Progestins;292 19.1;I. Introduction;292 19.2;II. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System;292 19.2.1;A. Components of the Female Reproductive System;292 19.2.2;B. The Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum;294 19.3;III. Chemistry and Metabolism of Female Steroid Hormones;298 19.3.1;A. Female Steroid Hormones;298 19.3.2;B. Synthesis of Progesterone and Estrogens;298 19.3.3;C. Catabolism of Progesterone and Estrogens;299 19.4;IV. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovary Axis;300 19.4.1;A. Introduction;300 19.4.2;B. Control of the Ovary by the Hypothalamus and Pituitary;301 19.4.3;C. Feedback Effects on the Hypothalamus and Pituitary;303 19.4.4;D. The Human Menstrual Cycle;303 19.4.5;E. Menopause;306 19.5;V. Biological Responses to Female Sex Steroids;306 19.5.1;A. Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors;306 19.5.2;B. Uterine Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone;308 19.5.3;C. Effects of Estrogen on Bone;309 19.5.4;D. Estrogen and the Cardiovascular Sy
stem;310 19.6;VI. Clinical Aspects;310 19.6.1;A. Hormonal Contraception;310 19.6.2;B. Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy;312 19.6.3;C. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS);312 19.7;Further Reading;313 20;14 Hormones of Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation;314 20.1;I. Introduction;314 20.2;II. Anatomical Relationships and the Beginning of Pregnancy;315 20.2.1;A. Fertilization;315 20.2.2;B. Implantation;316 20.2.3;C. Placental Development;317 20.2.4;D. Mammary Glands;319 20.3;III. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Activity of the Hormones of Pregnancy;319 20.3.1;A. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin;320 20.3.2;B. Placental Lactogen and Placental Growth Hormone;321 20.3.3;C. Other Peptide Hormones;322 20.3.4;D. Steroid Hormones;323 20.3.5;E. Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy;324 20.4;IV. Parturition;325 20.4.1;A. Introduction;325 20.4.2;B. Progesterone and Estrogen;326 20.4.3;C. The Fetal Adrenal, Placenta, and Posterior Pituitary;327 20.5;V. Lactation;328 20.5.1;A. Mammogenesis;328 20.5.2;B. Lactogenesis;329 20.5.3;C. Suckling;330 20.6;VI. Clinical Aspects;331 20.6.1;A. Assisted Reproductive Technology;331 20.6.2;B. Breast Cancer;334 20.7;Further Reading;336 21;15 Hormones Related to the Kidney and Cardiovascular System;338 21.1;I. Introduction;338 21.1.1;A. Background;338 21.2;II. Anatomical, Morphological, and Physiological Relationships;339 21.2.1;A. The Kidney;339 21.2.2;B. Cardiovascular System;343 21.3;III. Homeostasis of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Blood Pressure;343 21.3.1;A. Introduction;343 21.3.2;B. ReninAngiotensin II;345 21.3.3;C. Angiotensins I and II;345 21.3.4;D. Aldosterone Biosynthesis and Actions in Renal Tubular Reabsorption;348 21.3.5;E. Atrial Natriuretic Protein System;348 21.3.6;F. Endothelins;353 21.3.7;G. Nitric Oxide System;356 21.3.8;H. Kallikreins and Kinins;358 21.3.9;I. Adrenomedullin;358 21.3.10;J. Summary;360 21.4;IV. Hormones and Blood Cell Production;360 21.4.1;A. Introduction;360 21.4.2;B. Process of Erythropoiesis;361 21.4.3;C. Erythropoiet
in (the Protein);361 21.4.4;D. Hemoglobin;363 21.5;V. Clinical Aspects;363 21.5.1;A. Anemia;363 21.5.2;B. Cardiovascular Events in Hypertension;365 21.6;Further Reading;365 22;16 The Pineal Gland;368 22.1;I. Introduction;368 22.2;II. Anatomical Features of the Pineal Gland;369 22.2.1;A. Anatomical Location and Cellular Composition;369 22.2.2;B. Connection with the Visual System;369 22.3;III. Synthesis and Secretion of Melatonin;369 22.3.1;A. Melatonin Biosynthetic Pathway: Catabolism;369 22.3.2;B. Patterns and Regulation of Melatonin Secretion;371 22.4;IV. Biological Actions of melatonin;374 22.4.1;A. The Melatonin Receptors;374 22.4.2;B. Sleep and Jet Lag;375 22.4.3;C. Adrenal Cortex;376 22.4.4;D. Reproduction;376 22.4.5;E. Cancer;377 22.4.6;F. Melatonin as an Antioxidant;377 22.5;V. Clinical Aspects;377 22.6;Further Reading;378 23;17 Growth Factors;380 23.1;I. Introduction;380 23.2;II. Epidermal Growth Factor;380 23.2.1;A. Structure and Synthesis;380 23.2.2;B. EGF Receptors and Signaling;381 23.3;III. Fibroblast Growth Factor Family;382 23.3.1;A. Members of the FGF Family;382 23.3.2;B. The FGF Receptors and Signaling;386 23.4;IV. Platelet Derived Growth Factors;387 23.4.1;A. Structure of PDGFs;387 23.4.2;B. PDGF Receptors and Signaling;388 23.5;V. Insulin-Like Growth Factors;390 23.5.1;A. Structure of IGF1 and IGF2;390 23.5.2;B. Insulin and IGF Receptors and Signaling;390 23.5.3;C. IGF Binding Proteins;392 23.6;VI. Transforming Growth Factor ß;393 23.6.1;A. Structure and Secretion of TGFß;393 23.6.2;B. TGFß Receptors and Signaling;393 23.7;VII. Clinical Aspects;395 23.8;Further Reading;396 24;Appendix A;398 25;Appendix B;404 26;Appendix C;408 27;Appendix D;410 28;Appendix E;412 29;Appendix F;414 30;Index;416