Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography

Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography delivers comprehensive coverage of this separation tool with particular emphasis on how this tool can be used in advanced laboratories and integrated into problem-solving scenarios. Significant improvements in instrumentation have outpaced the development of information resources that describe the latest state-of-the-art and demonstrate the full capabilities of TLC. This book provides a contemporary picture of the fundamentals and practical applications of TLC at a level suitable for the needs of professional scientists with interests in project management where TLC is a common tool. Compact, highly focused chapters convey essential information that defines modern TLC and how it can be effectively implemented in most areas of laboratory science. Numerous figures and tables provide access to material not normally found in a single source yet are required by working scientists.

• Contributions written by recognized authoritative and visionary experts
• Focuses on state-of-the-art instrumental thin-layer chromatography and advanced applications across many areas
• Provides guidance on the analysis of complex, dirty mixtures of compounds
• Offers a cost-effective analytic technique for laboratories working under strict budgets

1;Front Cover;1 2;INSTRUMENTAL THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY;4 3;Copyright;5 4;Contents;6 5;Contributors;8 6;Chapter 1 - Milestones, Core Concepts, and Contrasts;12 6.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;12 6.2;1.2 MILESTONES;13 6.3;1.3 ATTRIBUTES OF A PLANAR FORMAT;15 6.4;1.4 CONSEQUENCES OF CAPILLARY-CONTROLLED FLOW;18 6.5;1.5 SOLVENT-STRENGTH GRADIENTS;30 6.6;1.6 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEPARATIONS;33 6.7;1.7 CONCLUSIONS;36 6.8;References;37 7;Chapter 2 - High-Performance Precoated Stationary Phases;42 7.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;42 7.2;2.2 INORGANIC OXIDE SORBENTS;43 7.3;2.3 CHEMICALLY BONDED SORBENTS;50 7.4;2.4 CELLULOSE;56 7.5;2.5 CHIRAL SORBENTS;57 7.6;2.6 CONCLUSIONS;59 7.7;References;60 8;Chapter 3 - Ultrathin and Nanostructured Stationary Phases;64 8.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;64 8.2;3.2 MONOLITHIC SILICA GELS;67 8.3;3.3 MONOLITHIC POLYMERS;69 8.4;3.4 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS;70 8.5;3.5 NANOSTRUCTURED THIN FILMS;72 8.6;3.6 CARBON NANOTUBE-TEMPLATED LAYERS;75 8.7;3.7 ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES;77 8.8;3.8 CONCLUSIONS;79 8.9;References;80 9;Chapter 4 - Automated Multiple Development;84 9.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;84 9.2;4.2 APPLICATIONS;94 9.3;4.3 FUTURE TRENDS;105 9.4;4.4 CONCLUSIONS;108 9.5;References;109 10;Chapter 5 - Forced-Flow Development in Overpressured Layer Chromatography;118 10.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;118 10.2;5.2 ANALYTICAL AND PREPARATIVE OPLC PROCESSES;119 10.3;5.3 INSTRUMENTS AND LAYERS FOR OPLC;123 10.4;5.4 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF OPLC;127 10.5;5.5 ANALYTICAL AND PREPARATIVE APPLICATIONS;133 10.6;5.6 CONCLUSION;140 10.7;References;140 11;Chapter 6 - Pressurized Planar Electrochromatography;146 11.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;146 11.2;6.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND;147 11.3;6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT FOR PPEC;151 11.4;6.4 ADVANTAGES OF PPEC;159 11.5;6.5 APPLICATIONS;168 11.6;6.6 CHALLENGES AND CONCLUSIONS;174 11.7;References;174 12;Chapter 7 - Theory and Instrumentation for In situ Detection;178 12.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;178 12.2;7.2 THEORY FOR IN SITU DENSITOMETRIC DETECTION;179 12.3;7.3 INSTRUMENTATIO
N FOR IN SITU DENSITOMETRIC DETECTION;187 12.4;7.4 IN SITU MASS-SPECTROMETRY;197 12.5;7.5 IN SITU RADIOISOTOPE DETECTION;198 12.6;References;199 13;Chapter 8 - Staining and Derivatization Techniques for Visualization in Planar Chromatography;202 13.1;8.1 PROBLEM OVERVIEW;202 13.2;8.2 REAGENT APPLICATION, EQUIPMENT, AND PROTOCOLS;204 13.3;8.3 TECHNIQUES FOR HEATING OR DRYING LAYERS AFTER DEVELOPMENT;212 13.4;8.4 COMMON DETECTION PROTOCOLS FOR TARGET COMPOUNDS;215 13.5;8.5 CONCLUSIONS;246 13.6;References;246 14;Chapter 9 - Advanced Spectroscopic Detectors for Identification and Quantification: UVVisible, Fluorescence, and Infrared ...;250 14.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;250 14.2;9.2 ADVANCED SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTORS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION;251 14.3;9.3 CONCLUSION;258 14.4;References;258 15;Chapter 10 - Advanced Spectroscopic Detectors for Identification and Quantification: Mass Spectrometry;260 15.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;260 15.2;10.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TLC-MS TECHNIQUES;261 15.3;10.3 INDIRECT SAMPLING TLC-MS;261 15.4;10.4 DIRECT SAMPLING TLC-MS;265 15.5;10.5 HIGH-THROUGHPUT TLC-MS DEVICES AND QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS;279 15.6;10.6 CONCLUSION;281 15.7;References;282 16;Chapter 11 - Effects-Directed Biological Detection: Bioautography;290 16.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;290 16.2;11.2 APPLICATIONS OF BIOAUTOGRAPHIC TESTS;295 16.3;11.3 PERSPECTIVES;314 16.4;References;314 17;Chapter 12 - Solvent Selection and Method Development;324 17.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;324 17.2;12.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION;325 17.3;12.3 MODE SELECTION;330 17.4;12.4 MOBILE PHASE SELECTION;334 17.5;12.5 CONCLUSIONS;359 17.6;References;359 18;Chapter 13 - Validation of Thin Layer Chromatographic Methods;362 18.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;362 18.2;13.2 METHOD VALIDATION USING THE CLASSIC APPROACH;363 18.3;13.3 ALTERNATIVE METHOD VALIDATION APPROACH USING ACCURACY PROFILES;372 18.4;13.4 CONCLUSION;382 18.5;References;382 19;Chapter 14 - Separation of (Phospho)Lipids by Thin-Layer Chromatography;386 19.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;386 19.2;1
4.2 SEPARATION OF LIPIDS BY TLC;389 19.3;14.3 APPLICATIONS;393 19.4;14.4 MALDI FOR MS DETECTION;406 19.5;14.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK;410 19.6;Acknowledgments;410 19.7;References;411 20;Chapter 15 - Applications in Food Analysis;418 20.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;418 20.2;15.2 HPTLC IN FOOD ANALYSIS;420 20.3;15.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION, HYPHENATION, AND NEW POSSIBILITIES;424 20.4;15.4 SUITABILITY AND CAPABILITIES;432 20.5;15.5 CONCLUSION;435 20.6;References;435 21;Chapter 16 - Environmental Applications;442 21.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;442 21.2;16.2 HPTLC IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS;443 21.3;16.3 CONCLUSION;455 21.4;References;456 22;Chapter 17 - Pharmaceutical Applications of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography;462 22.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;462 22.2;17.2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;464 22.3;17.3 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS;464 22.4;17.4 CONCLUSIONS;488 22.5;References;488 23;Chapter 18 - Utility of Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Assessment of the Quality of Botanicals;490 23.1;18.1 INTRODUCTION;490 23.2;18.2 METHOD VALIDATION;494 23.3;18.3 HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES AND CHEMOMETRICS IN HERBAL ANALYSIS;497 23.4;18.4 APPLICATIONS OF TLC IN THE FIELD OF HERBAL PRODUCTS/BOTANICALS;499 23.5;18.5 USE OF HPTLC BY THE AMERICAN HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA;511 23.6;18.6 RECENT ADVANCES IN HPTLC-BASED QUALITY CONTROL OF BOTANICALS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS;511 23.7;18.7 CONCLUSIONS;512 23.8;References;512 24;Chapter 19 - Analysis of Plant Material;516 24.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;516 24.2;19.2 SINGLE DEVELOPMENT;517 24.3;19.3 SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES;525 24.4;19.4 COUPLING PLANAR CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY;535 24.5;19.5 FORCED-FLOW DEVELOPMENT;535 24.6;19.6 CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING OF PLANT MATERIALS;537 24.7;19.7 EFFECT-DIRECTED ANALYSIS OF PLANT MATERIALS;541 24.8;19.8 IMAGE PROCESSING;549 24.9;References;551 25;Chapter 20 - Analysis of Dyes and Inks;566 25.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;566 25.2;20.2 DYES;568 25.3;20.3 INKS;570 25.4;20.4 CONCLUSION;594 25.5;References;594 26;Chapter 21 - Analysis of Dietary
Supplements;600 26.1;21.1 INTRODUCTION;600 26.2;21.2 ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES;603 26.3;21.3 INSTRUMENTAL TLC;607 26.4;21.4 ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE INGREDIENTS;617 26.5;21.5 FINGERPRINTING AND DETECTION OF ADULTERANTS;638 26.6;21.6 CONCLUSIONS;641 26.7;References;642 27;Index;648