This is the first volume of a two-volume set of critical reviews of many aspects of both asphaltenes and asphalts and their interrelationship. Asphaltene is invariably present in asphalt or bitumen and other fossil fuel-derived liquids such as coal tar, coal liquefaction products, pyrolyzed shale oil from oil shales, source rock extracts and numerous naturally occurring bituminous substances. The latter include asphaltites, asphaltoids, waxes, and carbonaceous deposits containing a composition of petroleum and coal.
The contents cover not only the basic science of asphaltene but also deal with the applications and technology such as upstreams (production, recovery) and down streams (refining, upgrading) of petroleum, and the paving technology and formulation preparation. The main features of the book are: it provides an up-to-date, in-depth review of every aspect of asphaltenes and asphalts; it spans five decades of research and technology of heavy fractions of petroleum; it presents a global view of asphaltene related to exploration production, refining and upgrading.
The book will be welcomed as a valuable reference source for petroleum companies, research institutes, refineries, universities and also by individuals dealing with the production, origin, formation, engineering, conversion and catalysis of heavy oil, tar sands and other bitumens materials.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Front Cover;1 2;Asphaltenes and asphalts, 1;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Contents;12 5;Preface;8 6;List of Contributors;10 7;Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION;18 7.1;Introductory remarks;18 7.2;Bitumens;19 7.3;Resins and asphaltenes;19 7.4;Concluding remarks;22 7.5;References;23 8;Chapter 2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STUDIES OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTENES;24 8.1;Introduction;24 8.2;Separation;26 8.3;Non-hydrocarbon solvents;30 8.4;Composition;32 8.5;Structural studies;43 8.6;Molecular weight;52 8.7;Molecular models;57 8.8;Asphaltenes in petroleum;65 8.9;Process chemistry;68 8.10;References;78 9;Chapter 3. CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF ASPHALTENES;84 9.1;Definition of asphaltenes as a chemical group of heteroatomic compounds;84 9.2;Chemical composition of crude asphaltenes;86 9.3;Molecules, particules and micelles of asphaltenes;87 9.4;Molecular structure of petroleum asphaltenes;88 9.5;Carbon skeleton of the asphaltene molecules;91 9.6;Developed formula of asphaltene molecules;92 9.7;Location of heteroatoms in asphaltene molecules;97 9.8;Separation of asphaltenes according to their chemical functions;99 9.9;Occurrence, formation and geochemical evolution of petroleum asphaltenes;101 9.10;Primary and secondary petroleum asphaltenes;102 9.11;Chemical composition of asphaltenes from sedimentary rocks;104 9.12;Characterization of chemical compositions of asphaltenes derived from different sources;106 9.13;Asphaltene characterization;107 9.14;Conclusion;108 9.15;Status and prognosis;108 9.16;References;108 10;Chapter 4. FUEL OIL CHEMISTRY AND ASPHALTENES;112 10.1;Introduction;112 10.2;Discussion;113 10.3;Summary;124 10.4;Acknowledgements;125 10.5;References;125 11;Chapter 5. MULTIPLE STRUCTURAL ORDERS OF ASPHALTENES;128 11.1;Introduction;128 11.2;The unit sheet;129 11.3;Particle association;132 11.4;Agglomeration;134 11.5;Assemblage;135 11.6;Large clusters;136 11.7;Spherules and flocs;137 11.8;Conclusion;138 11.9;References;139 12;Chapter 6. COLLOIDAL NATURE OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTENES;142 12.1;Introdu
ction;142 12.2;Microstructure of asphaltenes;144 12.3;Rheology of asphaltenes in solvents and in vacuum residue;150 12.4;Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering;160 12.5;Acknowledgements;172 12.6;References;172 13;Chapter 7. STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS FROM ASPHALTENES AND THEIR GEOCHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE;176 13.1;Introductory remarks;176 13.2;Transformation of porphyrins with time;177 13.3;S DPEP/S etio series ratio;180 13.4;Band width of petroporphyrins (s);181 13.5;Aromaticity of asphaltene;183 13.6;Molecular weight of asphaltenes;186 13.7;Average length of substituents on asphaltenes, (CS/CSU) and (CMP/CSU) + 1;187 13.8;Concluding remarks;191 13.9;References;193 14;Chapter 8. ASPHALTENE AND OTHER HEAVY ORGANIC DEPOSITIONS;196 14.1;Introduction;196 14.2;Models of organic deposition;197 14.3;Characterization of organic compounds;207 14.4;The onset and amounts of organic deposition;211 14.5;Heavy organic deposition in producing wells and transport pipelines;215 14.6;Conclusions;219 14.7;Acknowledgements;220 14.8;References;220 15;Chapter 9. THE ADSORPTION OF ASPHALTENES AND RESINS ON VARIOUS MINERALS;224 15.1;Introduction;224 15.2;Experimental details;225 15.3;Experimental techniques;227 15.4;Electrophoretic mobility;228 15.5;Results;229 15.6;Electrophoretic mobility;232 15.7;Discussion;239 15.8;Conclusions;246 15.9;Acknowledgements;247 15.10;References;247 16;Chapter 10. EFFECTS OF ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION ON THE SIZE OF VANADIUM-, NICKEL-, AND SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN HEAVY CRUDE OILS AND RESIDUA ;250 16.1;Introduction;250 16.2;Size characterization;251 16.3;Analytical and process implications;260 16.4;Conclusions;262 16.5;Acknowledgments;263 16.6;References;263 17;Chapter 11. ROLE OF ASPHALTENES ON OIL RECOVERY AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ASPHALTENE PROPERTIES;266 17.1;Introduction;266 17.2;Role of asphaltene during primary depletion;269 17.3;Asphaltene precipitation during miscible injection;283 17.4;Asphaltene precipitation during well stimulations;290 17.5;Mo
deling of compositional dependence of heavy oils/bitumens;292 17.6;Numerical modeling of asphaltene precipitation;299 17.7;Conclusions;310 17.8;Nomenclature;311 17.9;References;312 18;Chapter 12. THE USE OF BITUMEN ASPHALTENES AS THERMAL MATURATION INDICATORS;316 18.1;Thermal maturation indicators introduction;316 18.2;Structural characterization of bitumen asphaltenes;317 18.3;Sample aquisition and supporting instrumental methods;319 18.4;Simulated thermal maturation experiments with Green River oil shale asphaltene;320 18.5;Estimation of structural parameters;321 18.6;Correlation of the thermal indicator;322 18.7;Maturation and asphaltene precipitation;328 18.8;Acknowledgements;332 18.9;References;332 19;Chapter 13. MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF INFLUENCE OF ASPHALT AND RESIN CONTENTS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS FROM THE APSHERON OIL- AND GAS-BEARING REGION;336 19.1;Introduction;336 19.2;Models of hydrocarbon group composition and main properties of oils;336 19.3;Relationship between composition and properties of oils;342 19.4;Mathematical model of oil viscosity;351 19.5;Results and conclusions;354 19.6;References;354 20;Chapter 14. ROLE OF ASPHALTENES IN PETROLEUM CRACKING AND REFINING;356 20.1;Introduction;356 20.2;Characteristics of heavy oils, structure of asphaltenes, and the processing difficulties caused by asphaltenes;356 20.3;Thermal decomposition of asphaltenes;357 20.4;Asphaltene hydroconversion;363 20.5;Hydrodesulfurization of heavy oils: effect of asphaltene content;369 20.6;Asphaltene conversion to lower-boiling products: improved processes for asphaltene-containing heavy oils;371 20.7;References;379 21;Chapter 15. STUDIES OF ASPHALTENE DIFFUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASPHALTENE STRUCTURE AND OPTIMAL UPGRADING REACTOR DESIGN;382 21.1;Introduction;382 21.2;What is known from the literature about the asphaltene structure;384 21.3;Experimental studies of asphaltene diffusivity;387 21.4;Results and discussion;387 21.5;Conclusions;395 21.6;Acknowledgements;395 21
.7;References;396 22;Chapter 16. POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMEN;398 22.1;Introduction the role of bitumen modifiers;398 22.2;Types of polymeric modifiers;399 22.3;Influence of bitumen constitution;404 22.4;Manufacture of the polymer-modified bitumens;406 22.5;Properties of polymer-modified bitumens;409 22.6;Products and applications;415 22.7;Acknowledgements;415 22.8;References;415 23;Chapter 17. THERMODYNAMICS OF ASPHALT INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS AND ASPHALT-AGGREGATE INTERACTIONS;418 23.1;Introduction;418 23.2;Review of thermodynamics of the macroscopic world;418 23.3;The cohesive energy density: the energy that holds asphalts together;419 23.4;Heat of mixing as a measure of asphaltpolymer interactions;423 23.5;Heat of mixing of recycling agents and antistrip agents;425 23.6;Cohesive energy densities and dipole interactions;426 23.7;Viscosity and cohesive energy density of asphalt;428 23.8;Application of group contribution techniques to thermodynamic and physical properties of asphalt;430 23.9;Tensile strength properties of asphalts and thermodynamics;433 23.10;Energy of association in asphalt;434 23.11;Thermodynamics of the asphaltaggregate bond;436 23.12;Other approaches to thermodynamics of asphalt and asphaltaggregate interactions;439 23.13;Summary;442 23.14;Acknowledgements;442 23.15;References;442 24;Chapter 18. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF ROAD ASPHALTS;444 24.1;Introduction;444 24.2;Physicochemical characterization of asphalt cements;445 24.3;Characterization of rheological behavior;453 24.4;Relationships between composition, structure, and properties;459 24.5;Summary;465 24.6;References;465 25;Subject Index;468
