Cocaine Abuse

Cocaine abuse remains a major public health problem and contributes to many of our most disturbing social problems, including the spread of infectious disease, crime, violence, and neonatal drug exposure. Cocaine abuse results from a complex interplay of behavioral, pharmacological, and neurobiological determinants. While a complete understanding of cocaine abuse is currently beyond us, significant progress has been made in preclinical research on fundamental determinants of this disorder. These advances are critically reviewed in the first section of this volume. Important advances also have been made in characterizing the clinical pharmacology of cocaine, and those advances have been extended to understanding individual vulnerability to cocaine abuse, development of effective treatments, and discussions of policy. Those advances are critically reviewed in the third section of this volume. Contributors to the book were selected because of their status as internationally recognized leaders in their respective areas of scientific expertise. Moreover, each is a proponent of the importance of a rigorous, interdisciplinary scientific approach to effectively addressing the problem of cocaine abuse. As such, this volume offers a coherent, empirically-based conceptual framework for addressing cocaine abuse that has continuity from the basic research laboratory through the clinical and policy arenas. Each of the specific chapters is sufficiently detailed, in-depth and current to be valuable to informed readers with specific interests while also offering a comprehensive overview for those who might be less informed or have broader interests in cocaine abuse. This blend of critical review within each chapter with an explicitly conceptual continuity that spans all of the chapters makes this volume a unique contribution to cocaine abuse in particular and substance abuse in general.
- Discusses cocaine abuse within the context of current principles of psychology, pharmacology, neuroscience, genetics and epidemiology
- Chapters are all authored by scientific experts
- First of its kind book on cocaine abuse to recognize behavioral/environmental determinants
- Coverage is comprehensive
- Informative for experts and generalists alike

1;Cover;1 2;Copyright Page;5 3;Contents;8 4;Contributors;16 5;Foreword;20 6;Preface;24 7;Chapter 1. Basic Pharmacological Mechanisms of Cocaine;26 7.1;Introduction;26 7.2;Regulation of Transporter Function;27 7.3;Neurochemical Effects of Cocaine Measured in Vivo;30 7.4;Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Receptors;33 7.5;Molecular Mechanisms of Cocaine Effects;36 7.6;Summary;38 7.7;References;38 8;Chapter 2. Neuroanatomical Bases of the Reinforcing Stimulus Effects of Cocaine;46 8.1;Introduction;46 8.2;The Mesoaccumbens Ascending Dopaminergic Pathway;47 8.3;The Medial Prefrontal Cortex;56 8.4;The Amygdala's Role in Behavioral Effects of Self-Administered Cocaine;60 8.5;Newly Charted Territories: Subiculum, Basal Nucleus, and Pedunculopontine;64 8.6;Summary and Implications for Cortico-Striato-Pallido-Thalamic Circuitry;66 8.7;References;69 9;Chapter 3. Behavioral Pharmacology of Cocaine and the Determinants of Abuse Liability;76 9.1;Introduction;76 9.2;Psychomotor-Stimulant Effects of Cocaine;77 9.3;Interoceptive Effects of Cocaine;81 9.4;Contextual Determinants of the Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine;87 9.5;Alternatives to Cocaine Self-Administration;92 9.6;Suppression of Cocaine-Maintained Responding;95 9.7;Summary;99 9.8;References;99 10;Chapter 4. Behavioral-Environmental Determinants of the Reinforcing Functions of Cocaine;106 10.1;Introduction;106 10.2;Evaluation of Cocaine Reinforcement;107 10.3;Experimental Events Modulating Cocaine Reinforcement;112 10.4;Environmental Context;115 10.5;Processes Modulating Reinforcement;121 10.6;Summary;125 10.7;References;125 11;Chapter 5. Tolerance and Sensitization to Cocaine: An Integrated View;132 11.1;Introduction;132 11.2;Tolerance;134 11.3;Sensitization;139 11.4;Tolerance and Sensitization in Cocaine Abuse;147 11.5;References;152 12;Chapter 6. Preclinical Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Cocaine Abuse;160 12.1;Introduction;160 12.2;Drug Discrimination;162 12.3;Intravenous Drug Self-Administration;166 12.4;Antibo
dies to Cocaine;175 12.5;Conclusions;177 12.6;References;178 13;Chapter 7. Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine;184 13.1;Introduction;184 13.2;Case Studies;185 13.3;Epidemiological Studies;187 13.4;Nonhuman Experimental Studies;191 13.5;Conclusions;196 13.6;References;197 14;Chapter 8. Cocaine Self-Administration Research: Implications for Rational Pharmacotherapy;206 14.1;Introduction;206 14.2;Ethical and Safety Issues Involved in Administering Cocaine to Humans;207 14.3;Assessing Cocaine Self-Administration in Human Research Participants;212 14.4;The Use of Cocaine Self-Administration Procedures to Inform Cocaine Pharmacotherapy;219 14.5;Conclusion;227 14.6;References;228 15;Chapter 9. Evaluation of Potential Pharmacotherapies: Response to Cocaine Challenge in the Human Laboratory;234 15.1;Introduction;234 15.2;Mechanisms of Pharmacotherapy;235 15.3;Approaches to Pharmacotherapy Development;236 15.4;Studies of Potential Pharmacotherapies Using the Laboratory Challenge Method;237 15.5;Conclusions;258 15.6;References;260 16;Chapter 10. Controlled Laboratoy Studies on the Effects of Cocaine in Combination with Other Commonly Abused Drugs in Humans;264 16.1;Introduction;264 16.2;Patterns of Multiple Drug Abuse among Cocaine Abusers;265 16.3;CocaineAlcohol Combinations;266 16.4;CocaineOpioid Combinations;274 16.5;CocaineMarijuana Combinations;277 16.6;CocaineNicotine Combinations;280 16.7;Summary and Directions of Future Research;282 16.8;References;283 17;Chapter 11. Cocaine Effects on Brain Function;290 17.1;Introduction;290 17.2;Effects of Cocaine on Brain Electrical Activity;291 17.3;Cocaine-Induced EuphoriaCorrelates with Brain Function;294 17.4;Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy;299 17.5;Coregistration of Imaging Technologies;306 17.6;Summary and Conclusions;306 17.7;References;307 18;Chapter 12. The Contribution of Genetic Factors in Cocaine and Other Durg Abuse;314 18.1;Introduction;314 18.2;Genetic Influence in Vulnerability to Drug Abuse;3
15 18.3;Environmental Influence in Vulnerability to Drug Abuse;325 18.4;How Do Genes and the Environment Interact?;328 18.5;References;331 19;Chapter 13. Vulnerability to Cocaine Abuse;338 19.1;Introduction;338 19.2;Epidemiologic Studies;340 19.3;Conceptual Framework;346 19.4;Reinforcement Processes;351 19.5;Environmental Risk Factors for Cocaine Use;355 19.6;Conclusion;362 19.7;References;363 20;Chapter 14.Treating Cocaine Abuse: What Does Research Tell Us ?;368 20.1;Introduction;368 20.2;Treating Cocaine Abuse;369 20.3;Summary;381 20.4;References;382 21;Chapter 15. Treatment of Cocaine Abuse in Methadone Maintenance Patients;388 21.1;Introduction;388 21.2;Methadone;389 21.3;Pharmacological Treatments;393 21.4;Psychosocial and Behavioral Treatments;397 21.5;Other Treatments;405 21.6;Summary and Conclusions;405 21.7;References;409 22;Chapter 16. Relapse to Cocaine Use;414 22.1;Definitions;414 22.2;Theoretical Models of Relapse;415 22.3;Prediction of Relapse to Cocaine;417 22.4;Treatments to Prevent Cocaine Relapse;425 22.5;Summary;427 22.6;References;427 23;Chapter 17. Cocaine Legalization: Designing the Experiments;434 23.1;Introduction;434 23.2;Brief History of Controls on Cocaine Availability;435 23.3;Cocaine Legalization: Hypotheses versus Value Statements;435 23.4;Factors Influencing Prevalence of Use;436 23.5;Cocaine Toxicity;439 23.6;What to Study: Models of Legalization;441 23.7;Research Needs;447 23.8;Conclusions;451 23.9;References;452 24;Index;456