Before Dutch still life painting developed, artists illuminated handwritten manuscripts with flora and fauna to add emotional power to a written work. One of the most celebrated practitioners of this style was Joris Hoefnagel. In the 1590s the Emperor Rudolf II commissioned Hoefnagel to add his illuminations to the <i>Mira calligraphiae monumenta, a mid-16th-century manuscript by Georg Bocskay, a page from which is reproduced here.