Human Nature and the French Revolution

What view of man did the French Revolutionaries hold? Anyone who purports to be interested in the "Rights of Man" could be expected to see this question as crucial and yet, surprisingly, it is rarely raised. Through his work as a legal historian, Xavier Martin came to realize that there is no unified view of man and that, alongside the "official" revolutionary discourse, very divergent views can be traced in a variety of sources from the Enlightenment to the Napoleonic Code. Michelet's phrases, "Know men in order to act upon them" sums up the problem that Martin's study constantly seeks to elucidate and illustrate: it reveals the prevailing tendency to see men as passive, giving legislators and medical people alike free rein to manipulate them at will. His analysis impels the reader to revaluate the Enlightenment concept of humanism. By drawing on a variety of sources, the author shows how the anthropology of Enlightenment and revolutionary France often conflicts with concurrent discourses.

Foreword
Notes on Translation
Abbreviations
Chapter 1. Human Nature
Chapter 2. Helvèticus and d'Holbach
Chapter 3. Voltaire
Chapter 4. Rousseau
Chapter 5. Pedagogy and Politics
Chapter 6. Mirabeau, Sieyès
Chapter 7. The Audacity of the Philanthropists
Chapter 8. Robespierre
Chapter 9. Making an Impression
Chapter 10. Cabanis and Destutt de Tracy
Chapter 11. La Rèvellière-Lèpeaux and Leclerc
Chapter 12. Supervised Sovereignty
Chapter 13. Mme de Staël and Constant
Chapter 14. Bonaparte Ideologue?
Chapter 15. The Napoleonic Code
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index