Recent developments have provided the opportunity to recover valuable materials from AMD treatment; this is a sustainable approach that allows to reduce waste while generating incomes that balance the cost of the treatment. This book provides insights to innovative and affordable routes for AMD valorisation that can certainly motivate the mining industry to effectively manage their wastes and minimize environmental impact while generating jobs opportunities.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface xiii
Part 1: Prediction and Prevention of AMD Formation 1
1 Management of Metalliferous Solid Waste and its Potential to Contaminate Groundwater: A Case Study of O'Kiep, Namaqualand South Africa 3
Innocentia G. Erdogan, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Seteno K.O. Ntwampe, Frans B. Waanders and Nils Hoth
List of Abbreviations 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 CMMs: Overview and Challenges 5
1.3 Metalliferous Solid Waste 6
1.4 Environmental and Social Impact of CMMs and MSW 10
1.5 Soil Contamination 12
1.6 Groundwater Contamination 12
1.7 Atmospheric Contamination 12
1.8 Metalliferous Solid Waste Management 13
1.9 Rehabilitation and Restoration Strategies 13
1.10 ARD Formation and Groundwater Contamination 14
1.11 Overview of Challenges Associated with CMMs 15
1.12 Conclusion 16
References 16
2 Mine Water Treatment and the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Acid Mine Drainage Prediction 23
Viswanath Ravi Kumar Vadapalli, Emmanuel Sakala, Gloria Dube and Henk Coetzee
List of Abbreviations 23
2.1 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) 24
2.2 Remediation of AMD 27
2.3 Prediction of AMD 34
2.4 Application of Artificial Intelligence for AMD Quality Prediction 36
2.5 Conclusions 40
References 41
3 The Prediction of Acid Mine Drainage Potential Using Mineralogy 49
Deshenthree Chetty, Olga Bazhko, Veruska Govender and Samuel Ramatsoma
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Mineralogical Approach for Prediction of AMD Potential 51
3.3 Application of the AMD Predictive Protocol 58
3.4 Conclusions and Further Work 67
References 68
4 Oxidation Processes and Formation of Acid Mine Drainage from Gold Mine Tailings: A South African Perspective 73
Bisrat Yibas
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Weathering and Oxidation of the Witwatersrand Gold Tailings 74
4.3 Water Infiltration and Oxygen Diffusion vs Oxidation Processes 76
4.4 Geochemical and Mineralogical Evolution 84
4.5 Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations 89
Acknowledgements 93
References 94
Part 2: AMD Treatment 97
5 Technologies that can be Used for the Treatment of Wastewater and Brine for the Recovery of Drinking Water and Saleable Products 99
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mabel Mamasegare Mphahlele-Makgwane
5.1 Introduction 100
5.2 Neutralization Technologies 103
5.3 Chemical Desalination 111
5.4 Membrane Processes 115
5.5 Ion-Exchange Technologies 124
5.6 Biological Processes 126
5.7 Electrochemical Processes 135
5.8 Freezing-Based Technologies 136
5.9 Sludge Processing 137
5.10 Integrated Processes-ROC Process 138
5.11 Feasibility Models 140
5.12 Conclusions 150
Acknowledgements 150
References 151
Part 3: Recovery of Values from AMD 157
6 Recovery of Ochers from Acid Mine Drainage Treatment: A Geochemical Modeling and Experimental Approach 159
Khathutshelo Netshiongolwe, Yongezile Mhlana, Alseno Mosai, Heidi Richards, Luke Chimuka, Ewa Cukrowska and Hlanganani Tutu
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Methodology 162
6.3 Results and Discussion 166
6.4 Indicative Cost Analysis 184
6.5 Conclusion 185
Acknowledgements 185
References 185
7 Innovative Routes for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Valorization: Advocating for a Circular Economy 189
Vhahangwele Masindi and Memory Tekere
7.1 Introduction 190
7.2 Health Effects Associated with Contaminants in AMD 193
7.3 Abatement of AMD 194
7.4 Techniques for AMD Treatment 195
7.5 Valorization of AMD 202
7.6 Case Study 204
7.7 Challenges Relating to Valorization 208
7.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 208
References 209
8 Recovery of Critical Raw Materials from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD): The EIT-Funded MORECOVERY Project 219
Carlos Ruiz Cánovas, Jose Miguel Nieto, Francisco Macías, Maria Dolores Basallote, Manuel Olías, Rafael Pérez-López and Carlos Ayora
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Recovery of CRMs from AMD 222
8.3 Upscaling of Successful Technologies and Economic Suitability 224
8.4 Coupling Environmental and Resources Policy: The EIT-Funded MORECOVERY Project 225
Acknowledgements 231
References 231
9 Deriving Value from Acid Mine Drainage 235
M. van Rooyen and P.J. van Staden
9.1 Introduction 235
9.2 AMD Formation 237
9.3 AMD Treatment Options 238
9.4 Deriving Value from AMD 247
9.5 Synopsis 255
References 259
10 Rare Earth Elements-A Treasure Locked in AMD? 263
Leon Krüger
10.1 AMD-Annoyance or Resource 263
10.2 Rare Earths-The Almost Forgotten Elements! 264
10.3 Characteristics-What is with the f-Orbitals? 265
10.4 Applications-Sweating the Unique Characteristics 271
10.5 Occurrence-From Magma to AMD 303
10.6 REEs-From AMD to High Technology? 308
Acknowledgements 308
References 309
11 Opportunities and Challenges of Re-Mining Mine Water for Resources 315
Martin Mkandawire
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Mine Water and Drainages 316
11.3 Potential Extractable Resources 323
11.4 Conclusion 347
References 347
Index 351
