Physical Oceanography

Over the last ? ve decades Physical Oceanography developed explosively from a state with only a few observations and theories to a mature science with global ? eld p- grams, massivecomputerpower, andacomplextheoreticalframework. Thescientists wholedthisdevelopmentarealreadyorwillsoonberetired. Thiscollectionofessays documentssomeofthebreakthroughsandalsotriestocapturethespiritofexploration and excitement that accompanied these developments. Theoriginalmotivationforthepresentbookcamefromourdesiretounderstand the current social and scienti? c framework in which we work as physical ocean- raphers. Brief re? ection makes it obvious that this framework must have historical roots. However, discussions about these roots with senior scientists only made the picture more complex and confusing. We came to the conclusion that there is no simple story that explains the current state of affairs. The natural solution was to let seniorscientiststellhowtheyperceivedthedevelopmentsinthe? eld, eachfromtheir own unique point of view. Thus, by surrendering editorial objectivity we arrived at a broader, more objective view. The approach is comparable to data acquisition: it is known that there are no perfect observations, so one makes many. The goal then is to reduce biases by sampling as often as possible. However, to keep the book at a manageable size and still give the individual authors space enough to cover several decades, we were limited to 10 to 20 authors whose contributions should not exceed 20 pages. Thus, the book is by no means a complete history of physical oceanography; many important scientists and subdisciplines of the ? eld are not accounted for.

Historical Introduction. - Reminiscences of MODE. - Modeling Ocean Circulation. - Contributions to Global Ocean Observations. - On Reconciling Oceanic and Atmospheric Estimates of Surface Heat Fluxes and on Validating Greenhouse Models. - El Niño and Ocean Observations. - Reflections of an Equatorial Oceanographer. - Ocean Acoustic Tomography. - A History of Thermocline Theory. - Sextant to Satellite. - Some Advances and Retreats in the Study of Ocean Circulation since 1935. - Towards the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and a Bit of Aftermath. - Interview with Klaus Wyrtki, 25 February 1999.