During the last 300 years circus clowns have emerged as powerful cultural icons. This is the first semiotic analysis of the range of make-up and costumes through which the clowns' performing identities have been established and go on developing. It also examines what Bouissac terms 'micronarratives' - narrative meanings that clowns generate through their acts, dialogues and gestures.
Putting a repertory of clown performances under the semiotic microscope leads to the conclusion that the performances are all interconnected and come from what might be termed a 'mythical matrix'. These micronarratives replicate in context-sensitive forms a master narrative whose general theme refers to the emergence of cultures and constraints that they place upon instinctual behaviour.
From this vantage point, each performance can be considered as a ritual which re-enacts the primitive violence inherent in all cultures and the temporary resolutions which must be negotiated as the outcome. Why do these acts of transgression and re-integration then trigger laughter and wonder? What kind of mirror does this put up to society? In a masterful semiotic analysis, Bouissac delves into decades of research to answer these questions.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Introduction
1. The Faces of the Clown
Appearance and identity
The making of a face
Kinds and scales of facial transformations in clowns
The crafting of a clown's make-up
The face of dominance
Interpreting the face of a clown
The modern face of the clown
When clowns go post-modern
2. The Costumes of the Clowns
The clowns' trunks
Splendor and sophistication of the whiteface
The auguste's misfits and tatters
Sociosemiotics and biosemiotics of clown costumes
Clowns in drag: cross-dressing and transvestism
3. The Clown's Workshop
The semiotics of artifacts
A visit to Charlie Cairoli's workshop
When clowns play magic
Clowns as craftsmen and engineers
The clown's barnyard
4. The Semiotics of Gags
What is a gag?
Gags in context
Rob Torres: a solo clown act in New York
The semiotic anatomy of gags
The physics of gags
5. The Game of the Rules
The language of clowning
The straight, the tight, and the loose
Identity: one in two, two in one
6. Clown and Trickster
Master of tricks
Too good to be true
Transgression and consequences
Master of fire
The trickster and his avatars
Understanding tricksters and clowns
Peering in the cultural past: a reasoned speculation
7. Clowns and Gender Play: Politics and Economy of Sex
Beyond sex and gender
Images of desire
An odd couple
A "normal" couple
A bird tale
Gender play
8. Clowns, Death, and Laughter
Death at the circus
Death of the auguste
Realm of the macabre: ghosts, corpses, and skeletons
Clowns and death in the arts: laughter at the edge
9. Profaning the Sacred
The avatars of Clown
A grand narrative and its fractal performances
The sacred and the profane
Putting things inside out and upside down
10. Clowns without Borders
Mapping clowns on the world
Clowns without borders?
Clowning beyond the cultural fences
Clowning in Java
The gentrification of clowns
Clowns with a mission
Conclusion: Contribution to the Theory of Laughter
What is laughter?
The meaning of laughter
Senseless laughing
Laughter as addiction: a hypothesis and an agenda
References
