Indium

The extraordinary growth of the computer and semiconductor industries and the increasing consumption of indium in these technologies in recent years have placed major constraints on current and future reserves of this metal. In the past, geoscientists have noticed the occurrence of indium in a large variety of ore de posits and detailed geochemical and mineralogical work is available for a few ex amples. However, despite the current technological interest, there is no compre hensive textbook that deals with all aspects of indium mineralization and economics. The present study attempts to develop a general metallogenic concept for indium in identifying the essential enrichment processes and their economic significance. The study 'Indium Geology, Mineralogy, and Economics' was commissioned and funded by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Re sources (BGR Hannover) and is a contribution to the research program 'BGR 2000 - Raw Materials with Short Lifetime Reserves'. This program focuses on raw materials with known reserves confined to the next 20-25 years at static de mand. The future availability of reserves is usually estimated by dividing the known reserves by the current annual consumption. In fact, lifetimes of reserves are inappropriate measures because they depend on many parameters and there fore represent a "snapshot" of a dynamic system. In order to provide a sustainable use of raw materials with short lifetime reserves, a significantly higher amount of innovation is needed compared to raw materials with long lifetime reserves.

1 Introduction. - 2 Petrological and Mineralogical Framework. - 3 Indium Metallogeny. - 4 Miscellaneous Indium Occurrences. - 5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Indium-Bearing Ore Deposits. - 6 Model of Indium Ore Formation. - 7 Historical and Actual Production of Indium. - 8 Stockpile Situation in Relation to Different Types of Ore Deposits. - 9 Technological Applications and Consumption of Indium by Industries. - 10 Characteristics of Indium Deposits. - References.