Animal Manure Recycling

A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales.

Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users.

Topics covered include:
* Regulation of animal manure management
* Manure organic matter: characteristics and microbial transformations
* Greenhouse gas emissions from animal manures and technologies for their reduction
* Technologies and logistics for handling, transport and distribution of animal manures
* Bioenergy production
* Animal manure residue upgrading and nutrient recovery in bio-fertilisers
* Life cycle assessment of manure management systems
* Innovation in animal manure management and recycling
Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents state-of-the-art coverage of the entire animal manure chain, providing practical information for engineers, environmental consultants, academics and advanced students involved in scientific, technical and regulatory issues related to animal manure management.

List of Contributors xiii Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Animal Manure - From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods 1
Sven Gjedde Sommer
References 4
2 Animal Production and Animal Manure Management 5
Sven Gjedde Sommer and Morten Lykkegaard Christensen
2. 1 Introduction 5
2. 2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas 7
2. 3 Management of Manure 15
2. 4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows 18
2. 5 Summary 23
References 23
3 Regulations on Animal Manure Management 25
Sven Gjedde Sommer, Oene Oenema, Teruo Matsunaka and Lars Stoumann Jensen
3. 1 Introduction 25
3. 2 Environmental Issues 26
3. 3 Need for Government Regulations 29
3. 4 Global Regulation - Multilateral Environmental Agreements 30
3. 5 Regional Regulations - Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations 31
3. 6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution 34
3. 7 Summary 38
References 39
4 Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry 41
Morten Lykkegaard Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer
4. 1 Introduction 41
4. 2 Livestock Manure Categories 42
4. 3 Physical Characterisation of Manure 45
4. 3. 1 Particle Size 45
4. 4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry 49
4. 5 Summary 63
References 63
5 Manure Organic Matter - Characteristics and Microbial Transformations 67
Lars Stoumann Jensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer
5. 1 Introduction 67
5. 2 Manure Organic Matter Composition 68
5. 3 Manure Microbiology 73
5. 4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure 75
5. 5 Transformations of Nitrogen 82
5. 6 Summary 87
References 87
6 Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management 91
Bj orn Vinner° as
6. 1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management 91
6. 2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed? 92
6. 3 Manure Treatment Alternatives 95
6. 4 Chemical Treatment 99
6. 5 Summary 102
References 103
7 Solid-Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry 105
Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Knud Villy Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer
7. 1 Introduction 105
7. 2 Removal and Separation Efficiency 106
7. 3 In-House Separation 107
7. 4 Solid-Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry 108
7. 5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives 119
7. 6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques 124
7. 7 Summary 129
References 129
8 Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases 131
Sven Gjedde Sommer and Anders Feilberg
8. 1 Introduction 131
8. 2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide 132
8. 3 Processes Involved in Emission 133
8. 4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model 141
8. 5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission 147
8. 6 Summary 150
References 151
9 Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies 153
Anders Feilberg and Sven Gjedde Sommer
9. 1 Introduction 153
9. 2 Measurement Methods 154
9. 3 Ammonia Emissions 157
9. 4 Odour Emissions 164
9. 5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions 167
9. 6 Summary 172
References 173
10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for their Reduction 177
Sven Gjedde Sommer, Tim J. Clough, David Chadwick and Sø ren O. Petersen
10. 1 Introduction 177
10. 2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production 179
10. 3 Methane Production from Manure 180
10. 4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure 183
10. 5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 186
10. 6 Summary 191
References 192
11 Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction 195
Peter Sø rensen and Lars Stoumann Jensen
11. 1 Introduction 195
11. 2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen 199
11. 3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus 203
11. 4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium 207
11. 5 Summary 208
References 208
12 Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures 211
Claus Grø n Sø rensen, Sven Gjedde Sommer, Dionysis Bochtis and Alan Rotz
12. 1 Introduction 211
12. 2 Overview of Manure Systems 213
12. 3 Animal Manure Characteristics 213
12. 4 Removal from Animal Houses 214
12. 5 Manure Storage 217
12. 6 Transport of Manure 219
12. 7 Application of Manure in the Field 220
12. 8 Manure Operations Management 222
12. 9 Farm Scenarios 232
12. 10 Summary 234
References 234
13 Bioenergy Production 237
Sven Gjedde Sommer, Alastair James Ward and James J. Leahy
13. 1 Introduction 237
13. 2 Biomass and Energy 240
13. 3 Biogas Production 252
13. 4 Summary 267
References 267
14 Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers 271
Lars Stoumann Jensen
14. 1 Introduction 271
14. 2 Manure Upgrading Options 272
14. 3 Composting of Manures 276
14. 4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures 283
14. 5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash 284
14. 6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures 287
14. 7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures 288
14. 8 Summary 290
References 291
15 Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts 295
Lars Stoumann Jensen
15. 1 Introduction 295
15. 2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency 296
15. 3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers 302
15. 4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment 308
15. 5 Summary 324
References 325
16 Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems 329
Sander Bruun, Marieke ten Hoeve and Morten Birkved
16. 1 Introduction 329
16. 2 Introduction of Life Cycle Assessment Methodology 330
16. 3 Four Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment 330
16. 4 Goal and Scope 330
16. 5 Inventory Analysis 334
16. 6 Impact Assessment 336
16. 7 Interpretation 339
16. 8 Summary 339
References 341
17 Innovation in Animal Manure Management and Recycling 343
Thomas Schmidt
17. 1 Introduction - Why is Innovation Important? 343
17. 2 Innovation Typology 345
17. 3 Identifying New Innovations 347
17. 4 Assessing the Potential of New Innovations 350
17. 5 Commercialisation of New Innovations 352
17. 6 Summary 355
References 355
Index