Carnitine Today

1. The Role of Carnitine in Cell Metabolism. - A Century of Carnitine Research. - Biosynthesis, Uptake and Excretion. - Carnitine Acyltransferases. - Fatty Acid Oxidation in Liver. - Fatty Acid Oxidation in Heart. - Carnitine in Insulin Secretion. - Perspectives. - 2. Molecular Biology of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferases and Role of Carnitine in Gene Transcription. - Mitochondrial CPTs. - Peroxisomal CPTs. - Microsomal CPTs. - Nuclear CPTs. - A Role for Carnitine in the Transcriptional Regulation. - Perspectives. - 3. Carnitine and Myocardial Glucose Metabolism. - Review of the Literature. - Conclusions. - 4. Carnitine and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. - Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction. - Carnitine-Related Mitochondrial Disorders. - Carnitine, CoA and Mitochondrial Function. - Carnitine and Mitochondrial Alterations Induced by Anoxia. - 5. Effect of L-Carnitine on Fas-Induced Apoptosis and Sphingomyelinase Activity in Human T Cell Lines. - Materials and Methods. - Effect of Camitine on Fas-Induced Apoptosis in Hut78 and U937 Cells. - Effect of L-Carnitine on Fas Crosslinking-Induced Ceramide Generation in Hut78 and U937 Cells. - Effect of L-Carnitine on Fas Crosslinking-Induced Acidic and Neutral SMases. - Effects of L-Carnitine on Purified Acidic and Neutral SMases in Vitro. - Discussion. - 6. Carnitine Deficiency: Primary and Secondary Syndromes. - Carnitine Metabolism. - Functions of Carnitine. - Carnitine Deficiency in Humans. - Primary Carnitine Deficiencies. - Secondary Carnitine Deficiencies. - Myocardial Diseases and Secondary Carnitine Deficiency. - Diabetes and Secondary Carnitine Deficiency. - Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies. - Drugs and Carnitine Deficiency. - 7. Carnitine Against Ischemia and Lipopolysaccharide Toxicity. - L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Ischemic Muscles. - Summary. - 8. Carnitine and Derivatives in Experimental Infections. - Results of Murine Studies. - Results of Rat Studies. - Discussion. - 9. Involvement of Carnitine in Reye s and Reye-Like Syndromes. - Definition of Reye s and Reye-Like Syndromes. - Pathological Manifestation of RS and RLS. - Involvement of Carnitine. - Carnitine Treatment in RS and RLS. - 10. Fatigue Syndrome. - Summary. - Acylcarnitine (ACR) Deficiency in CFS. - ACR Metabolism in Mammals. - The Uptake of ACR in the Brain of Rhesus Monkeys and Humans. - Hypothesis: the Role of ACR in the Etiology of CFS. - Acetyl-L-Camitine Treatment for Patients with CFS. - 11. L-Carnitine, a Modulator of Immunometabolic Homeostasis in Subjects Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. - Immunomodulating Properties of L-Carnitine. - Serum and Cellular Carnitine Deficiency in HIV-Infected Subjects. - Carnitine Deficiency and Mitochondrial Toxicity of Nucleoside Analogs. - Etiology of Carnitine Deficiency in AIDS. - Impact of L-Carnitine Therapy on Lymphocyte Mitogen Responsiveness and Carnitine Cellular Content. - Impact of L-Carnitine Therapy on Lymphocyte Apoptosis, CD4 Cell Decline and HIV Viremia. - Concluding Remarks. - 12. Effect of L-Carnitine on the AZT-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity: Studies on Human Muscle Cultures. - In Vitro Studies. - In Vivo Studies. - Conclusions. - 13. Possible Anti-Apoptotic Activity of Carnitines on Excitatory Amino Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity. - Glutamate and Cancer. - Glutamate May Mediate Some Neurological Disorders. - Pharmacotherapy for Excitatory Amino Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity.