Failsafe Control Systems

11 . 2 Study objectives 147 11 . 3 Approach to analysis 147 11. 4 Presentation and discussion of results 151 11 . 5 Conclusions 165 12 Accident management and failure analysis G. C. Meggitt 170 12. 1 Introduction 170 12. 2 Nuclear safety 170 12. 3 The accident 171 12. 4 The accident response 171 12. 5 The automatic response 171 12. 6 The tailored response 173 12. 7 The emergency plan 181 13 Decision support systems and emergency management M. Grauer 182 13. 1 Introduction 182 13. 2 The problem 183 13. 3 The multiple-criteria approach 184 3 13. 4 OveNiew of the 1-decision support software 186 13. 5 A case study from chemical industry 189 13. 6 Conclusions 195 References 196 14 Safety integrity management using expert systems Dr P. Andow 198 14. 1 Introduction 198 14. 2 Safety and risk analysis 198 14. 3 The effects of applying safety and risk analysis 199 14. 4 Safety integrity management 201 14. 5 Knowledge-base contents 204 14. 6 Summary of system functions 204 14. 7 Discussion 205 References 205 15 Power system alarm analysis and fault diagnosis using expert systems P. H. Ashmole 207 15. 1 Introduction 207 15. 2 Expert systems for power system alarm analysis already developed 208 15. 3 Existing substation control arrangements 209 15. 4 Discussion of alarm data flow 210 15. 5 Expert system requirements 210 15. 6 User interface 211 15. 7 Requirements under different fault conditions 211 15.

1 Fail-safe control systems: an introduction. - References. - 2 Software fault tolerance. - 2. 1 Introduction. - 2. 2 What is software fault tolerance? . - 2. 3 Sequential, concurrent and real-time systems. - 2. 4 Analysis and synthesis tool. - 2. 5 An overview of software fault tolerance techniques. - 2. 6 Software fault tolerance in sequential systems. - 2. 7 Software fault tolerance in concurrent systems. - 2. 8 Transaction processing and distributed decisionmechanisms in distributed systems. - References. - 3 Software reliability: the way forward. - 3. 1 Advantages and disadvantages of programmable systems. - 3. 2 Features of software related failures. - 3. 3 Reliability/integrity in design. - 3. 4 The approach to safety/reliability assessment. - 3. 5 Limitations and drawbacks of software assessments. - 3. 6 The way forward. - References. - 4 Design principles for diagnostics decision support systems. - 4. 1 Introduction. - 4. 2 The operators model. - 4. 3 Diagnostic support. - 4. 4 Conclusions. - 5 A fault tolerant control scheme. - 5. 1 Summary. - 5. 2 Introduction. - 5. 3 Feedback path. - 5. 4 Controller assessment. - 5. 5 Decision and monitoring. - 5. 6 Conclusions. - References. - 6 Fault tolerant procedures for boiler control systems design. - 6. 1 Introduction. - 6. 2 Motivation and design criteria. - 6. 3 Scope of the problem. - 6. 4 Computer architecture. - 6. 5 Control loop structure. - 6. 6 Scanners and data input. - 6. 7 Output commands and actuator drives. - 6. 8 Control algorithm. - 6. 9 Operator interface. - 6. 10 Software structure. - 6. 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Framework for the design and assessment of safety related control systems. - 7. 1 Introduction. - 7. 2 Systems under consideration. - 7. 3 Considerations underlying the guidelines. - 7. 4 Safety principles. - 7. 5 Design and assessment general framework. - 7. 6 Applicationof the safety principles. - 7. 7 Total system environment. - 7. 8 Protection systems. - 7. 9 Safety cases for CIMAH. - 7. 10 Future development: General. - 7. 11 Future development: Application-specific guidelines. - 7. 12 Future development: Standards. - 7. 13 Summary. - References. - 8 Failure-to-safety in turbine-generator control. - 8. 1 Introduction. - 8. 2 Modes of failure. - 8. 3 Provisions to assure failure-to-safety. - 8. 4 Fault detection requirements. - 8. 5 Condition monitoring. - 8. 6 Conclusion. - References. - 9 Expert systems for monitoring process control. - 9. 1 Introduction. - 9. 2 Benefits of the expert system. - 9. 3 Process monitoring. - 9. 4 Speed considerations. - 9. 5 The use of history. - 9. 6 Trending and forecasting. - 9. 7 Supporting data acquisition. - 9. 8 Meta process control. - References. - 10 Robust fault diagnosis in dynamic systems. - 10. 1 Introduction. - 10. 2 Problem specification. - 10. 3 Robust fault detection. - 10. 4 The sensor fault detection problem. - 10. 5 IFD system design example. - 10. 6 IFD simulation results. - 10. 7 Conclusion. - References. - 11 Prediction of failure conditions. - 11. 1 Introduction. - 11. 2 Study objectives. - 11. 3 Approach to analysis. - 11. 4 Presentation and discussion of results. - 11. 5 Conclusions. - 12 Accident management and failure analysis. - 12. 1 Introduction. - 12. 2 Nuclear safety. - 12. 3 The accident. - 12. 4 The accident response. - 12. 5 The automatic response. - 12. 6 The tailored response. - 12. 7 The emergency plan. - 13 Decision support systems and emergency management. - 13. 1 Introduction. - 13. 2 The problem. - 13. 3 The multiple-criteria approach. - 13. 4 Overview of the l3-decision support software. - 13. 5 A case study from chemical industry. - 13. 6 Conclusions. - References. - 14 Safety integrity management using expert systems. - 14. 1 Introduction. - 14. 2 Safety and risk analysis. - 14. 3 The effects of applying safety and risk analysis. - 14. 4 Safety integrity management. - 14. 5 Knowledge-base contents. - 14. 6 Summary of system functions. - 14. 7 Discussion. - References. - 15 Power system alarm analysis and fault diagnosis using expert Systems. - 15. 1 Introduction. - 15. 2 Expert systems for power system alarm analysis already developed. - 15. 3 Existing substation control arrangements. - 15. 4 Discussion of alarm data flow. - 15. 5 Expert system requirements. - 15. 6 User interface. - 15. 7 Requirements under different fault conditions. - 15. 8 Data structure. - 15. 9 Expert system structure. - 15. 10 Demonstrator phase objective. - References. - 16Intelligent process control. - 16. 1 Introduction. - 16. 2 Why an expert system for process control? . - 16. 3 What should an expert system for process control consist of? . - 16. 4 Integrating the expert system in the control system of the plant. - 16. 5 Conclusions. - References. - 17 New technology for improved quality control and security of process operations. - 17. 1 Introduction. - 17. 2 Conventional regulation and its limitations. - 17. 3 Techniques that can address product control. - 17. 4 A simple comparison of conventional and predictive control. - 17. 5 Discussion. - References.