MIPs and Their Roles in the Exchange of Metalloids

This book covers metalloids, a recently discovered group of substrates for specific MIPs in a diverse spectrum of organisms.
Particular focus is placed on boron, silicon and arsenic, and on exchange of metalloids between organisms and their environment.

Sixteen years have passed since human aquaporin-1 (AQP1) was discovered as the first water channel, facilitating trans-membrane water fluxes. Subsequent years of research showed that the water channel AQP1 was only the tip of an iceberg; the iceberg itself being the ubiquitous super family of membrane intrinsic proteins (MIPs) that facilitate trans-membrane transport of water and an increasing number of small, water-soluble and uncharged compounds. Here we introduce you to the superfamily of MIPs and provide a summary about our gradually refined understanding of the phylogenetic relationship of its members. This volume is dedicated to the metalloids, a recently discovered group of substrates for a number of specific MIPs in a diverse spectrum of organisms. Particular focus is given to the essential boron, the beneficial silicon and the highly toxic arsenic. The respective MIP isoforms that facilitate the transport of these metalloids include members from several clades of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that metalloid transport is an ancient function within this family of channel proteins. Among all the various substrates that have been shown to be transported by MIPs, metalloids take an outstanding position. While water transport seems to be a common function of many MIPs, single isoforms in plants have been identified as being crucially important for the uptake of boric acid as well as silicic acid. Here, the function seems not to be redundant, as mutations in those genes render plants deficient in boron and silicon, respectively.

Aquaporins: A Family of Highly Regulated Multifunctional Channels. - Phylogeny of Major Intrinsic Proteins. - Metalloids, Soil Chemistry and the Environment. - Arsenic Transport in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Microbes. - Metalloid Transport by Aquaglyceroporins: Consequences in the Treatment of Human Diseases. - Roles of Vertebrate Aquaglyceroporins in Arsenic Transport and Detoxification. - Molecular Mechanisms of Boron Transport in Plants: Involvement of Arabidopsis NIP5; 1 and NIP6; 1. - Silicon Transporters in Higher Plants. - Major Intrinsic Proteins and Arsenic Transport in Plants: New Players and Their Potential Role. - Major Intrinsic Proteins in Biomimetic Membranes.