Advances in Research on the Strength and Fracture of Materials: Volume 3Bs-Applications and Non-Metals contains the proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Fracture, held at the University of Waterloo, Canada, in June 1977. The papers review the state of the art with respect to testing of fracture in a wide range of non-metals such as ceramics, glass, composites, polymers, biomaterials, and concrete. This volume is divided into five sections and opens by discussing the role of acoustic emission in fracture toughness testing and the relation between static and dynamic fracture toughness of structural steels. The reader is then introduced to methods for determining stress-intensity factors of simplified geometries of structural parts; stress analysis of pressure vessels by thermal shock; the fracture toughness of constructional steels in cyclic loading; and fracture processes and fracture toughness in powder forged steels. The remaining chapters explore the influence of low-cycle damage on fracture toughness; fracture of structural alloys at temperatures approaching absolute zero; fracture mechanisms in Si-Al-O-N ceramics; propagation and bifurcation of cracks in quartz; and the effect of pressure and environment on the fracture and yield of polymers. This monograph will be a useful resource for metallurgists, materials scientists, and structural and mechanical engineers.
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1;Front Cover;1 2;Applications and Non-Metals;6 3;Copyright Page;7 4;Table of Contents;8 5;Dedication;4 6;Foreword;16 7;Foreword;17 8;Preface;18 8.1;Preface to the Conference Edition;18 8.2;Preface to the General Edition;19 9;Acknowledgements;22 10;International Congress on Fracture;23 11;Fourth International Conference on Fracture;27 12;Standard Nomenclature List;29 13;Conversion Units;33 14;Part VI: Applications;34 14.1;Session 1: Test Methods;36 14.1.1;CHAPTER 1. THE ROLE OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTING;36 14.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;36 14.1.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;36 14.1.1.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;37 14.1.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;39 14.1.1.5;REFERENCES;39 14.1.2;CHAPTER 2. THE RELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF STRUCTURAL STEELS;42 14.1.2.1;INTRODUCTION;42 14.1.2.2;MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;43 14.1.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;44 14.1.2.4;REFERENCES;45 14.1.3;CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DYNAMICAL TOUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESTRAINED PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS;52 14.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;52 14.1.3.2;STEELS TESTED;52 14.1.3.3;FACTORS INVESTIGATED AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME;52 14.1.3.4;ANALYSIS OF RESULTS;53 14.1.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;53 14.1.3.6;REFERENCES;54 14.1.4;CHAPTER 4. ON THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DETERMINATION BY INSTRUMENTED IMPACT TESTS;60 14.1.4.1;INTRODUCTION;60 14.1.4.2;BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND MODEL;61 14.1.4.3;CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS;61 14.1.4.4;REFERENCES;62 14.1.5;CHAPTER 5. THE ROLE OF NDT IN THE FRACTURE MECHANICS EVALUATION;66 14.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;66 14.1.5.2;ULTRASONIC TESTING;66 14.1.5.3;EXPERIMENTAL;66 14.1.5.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;67 14.1.5.5;CONCLUSION;69 14.1.5.6;REFERENCES;69 14.1.6;CHAPTER 6. CHARTING THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF CASTINGS USING THE DOUBLE TORSION METHOD;76 14.1.6.1;INTRODUCTION;76 14.1.6.2;TECHNICAL BACKGROUND;76 14.1.6.3;HISTORY OF THE DOUBLE TORSION TEST;77 14.1.6.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;78 14.1.6.5;CLOSING COMMENTS;78 14.1.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;79 14.1.6.7;REFE
RENCES;79 14.1.7;CHAPTER 7. DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF PLASTIC ZONES IN SIDE GROOVED FRACTURE TOUGHNESS SPECIMENS;84 14.1.7.1;INTRODUCTION;84 14.1.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;84 14.1.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;85 14.1.7.4;CONCLUSION;87 14.1.7.5;REFERENCES;87 14.1.8;CHAPTER 8. A FRACTOGRAPHIC STUDY ON EVALUATION OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;94 14.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;94 14.1.8.2;PROPOSED JIc TEST METHOD;94 14.1.8.3;MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;95 14.1.8.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;95 14.1.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;97 14.1.8.6;REFERENCES;97 14.1.9;CHAPTER 9. THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN CONFIGURATION ON YIELD ZONE FORMATION AND FRACTURE RESISTANCE;104 14.1.9.1;INTRODUCTION;104 14.1.9.2;THE CRACK GROWTH RESISTANCE CURVE CONCEPT;104 14.1.9.3;TESTS AND RESULTS;105 14.1.9.4;FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS;106 14.1.9.5;DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;106 14.1.9.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS;108 14.1.9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;108 14.1.9.8;REFERENCES;108 14.1.10;CHAPTER 10. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS OF SIMPLIFIED GEOMETRIES OF STRUCTURAL PARTS;112 14.1.10.1;INTRODUCTION;112 14.1.10.2;PROBLEM;112 14.1.10.3;COMPLIANCE METHOD;113 14.1.10.4;CRACK GROWTH TECHNIQUE;113 14.1.10.5;TEST PROCEDURE;114 14.1.10.6;RESULTS;115 14.1.10.7;REFERENCES;115 14.1.11;CHAPTER 11. DEVELOPMENT OF A C-SHAPED FATIGUE SPECIMEN;120 14.1.11.1;INTRODUCTION;120 14.1.11.2;TEST SPECIMEN;120 14.1.11.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;121 14.1.11.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;121 14.1.11.5;CONCLUSIONS;123 14.1.11.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;123 14.1.11.7;REFERENCES;123 14.1.12;CHAPTER 12. THE EFFECT OF STRIKING VELOCITY ON PERFORATION ENERGY FOR MILD STEEL PLATES;128 14.1.12.1;INTRODUCTION;128 14.1.12.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;129 14.1.12.3;CONCLUSION;130 14.1.12.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;130 14.1.12.5;REFERENCES;130 14.1.13;CHAPTER 13. DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS UNDER MIXED MODE LOADING CONDITIONS BY SHADOW-OPTICS;132 14.1.13.1;INTRODUCTION;132 14.1.13.2;PRINCIPLE OF THE SHADOW OPTICAL METHOD;132 14.1.13.3;EXPERIMENTAL A
RRANGEMENT;133 14.1.13.4;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;133 14.1.13.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;134 14.1.13.6;REFERENCES;135 14.2;Session 2: Practical Aspects A;138 14.2.1;CHAPTER 1. FRACTURE MECHANICS OF TIDAL FLEXURE CRACKS IN FLOATING ICE SHELVES;138 14.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;138 14.2.1.2;TIDAL BENDING STRESSES;138 14.2.1.3;DEPTH OF STRAND CRACKS;140 14.2.1.4;DISCUSSION;141 14.2.1.5;REFERENCES;141 14.2.2;CHAPTER 2. PRESSURE VESSEL STRENGTH ANALYSIS BY THERMAL SHOCK;144 14.2.2.1;REFERENCES;146 14.2.3;CHAPTER 3. STRENGTH OF WELDED THICK WALLED NON-HEAT TREATED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS;150 14.2.3.1;REFERENCES;153 14.2.4;CHAPTER 4. A CRACK NEAR DOUBLY RIVETED STIFFENERS;158 14.2.4.1;INTRODUCTION;158 14.2.4.2;METHOD OF ANALYSIS;158 14.2.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;160 14.2.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;160 14.2.4.5;REFERENCES;161 14.2.5;CHAPTER 5. TEST AND ANALYSIS OF CRACKED LUG;168 14.2.5.1;INTRODUCTION;168 14.2.5.2;THE COMPOUNDED STRESS INTENSITY EXPRESSION;169 14.2.5.3;THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL;170 14.2.5.4;TEST AND CORRELATIONS;170 14.2.5.5;REFERENCES;171 14.2.6;CHAPTER 6. ACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SHEAR FRACTURE OF A FORGED STEEL AXLE SPINDLE;176 14.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;176 14.2.6.2;OPTICAL EXAMINATION;176 14.2.6.3;SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;177 14.2.6.4;MECHANICAL TESTS;177 14.2.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;177 14.2.6.6;REFERENCES;177 14.2.7;CHAPTER 7. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF SEVERAL CAST STEELS FOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF HYDRO-TURBINES;186 14.2.7.1;INTRODUCTION;186 14.2.7.2;METHOD OF TESTS;186 14.2.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;187 14.2.7.4;CONCLUSIONS;188 14.2.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;188 14.2.7.6;REFERENCES;188 14.2.8;CHAPTER 8. INVESTIGATION OF THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELS IN CYCLIC LOADING;194 14.2.8.1;INTRODUCTION;194 14.2.8.2;TECHNIQUE AND TEST RESULTS;194 14.2.8.3;CONCLUSIONS;196 14.2.8.4;REFERENCES;196 14.2.9;CHAPTER 9. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF TURBINE ROTOR SHAFT AND VALIDITY CRITERION FOR KIC ;198 14.2.9.1;INTRODUCTION;198 14.2.9.2;MATERIALS AND TE
STING PROCEDURES;198 14.2.9.3;TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;200 14.2.9.4;CONCLUSIONS;201 14.2.9.5;REFERENCES;201 14.2.10;CHAPTER 10. PREDICTION OF FAIL-SAFE STRENGTH OF REALISTIC STIFFENED SKIN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES;210 14.2.10.1;INTRODUCTION;210 14.2.10.2;FAIL-SAFE STRENGTH OF STIFFENED PANELS;210 14.2.10.3;SHEET-STIFFENER INTERACTION;211 14.2.10.4;PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH;212 14.2.10.5;CONCLUSIONS;213 14.2.10.6;REFERENCES;213 14.3;Session 3: Practical Aspects B;216 14.3.1;CHAPTER 1. INITIATION COD AS A FRACTURE CRITERION FOR ZR-2.5% Nb PRESSURE TUBE ALLOY;216 14.3.1.1;INTRODUCTION;216 14.3.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;217 14.3.1.3;RESULTS;217 14.3.1.4;DISCUSSION;218 14.3.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;219 14.3.1.6;REFERENCES;219 14.3.2;CHAPTER 2. A STUDY OF CONDITIONS LEADING TO FRAGMENTATION ON FAILURE OF ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRESSURE TUBES;224 14.3.2.1;INTRODUCTION;224 14.3.2.2;PRESSURE TUBE BEHAVIOUR;224 14.3.2.3;SMALL SPECIMEN STUDIES;226 14.3.2.4;CORRELATION BETWEEN TUBE AND SMALL SPECIMENS;227 14.3.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;227 14.3.2.6;REFERENCES;228 14.3.3;CHAPTER 3. CRACK NUCLEATION IN 316 STAINLESS STEEL FUEL CLADDING;234 14.3.3.1;INTRODUCTION;234 14.3.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;235 14.3.3.3;ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE;235 14.3.3.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;236 14.3.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;237 14.3.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;238 14.3.3.7;REFERENCES;238 14.3.4;CHAPTER 4. FRACTURE MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ABRASIVE FRICTION, WEAR, AND CHIP FORMATION OF A .-Fe-Ni-Al STEEL;244 14.3.4.1;INTRODUCTION;244 14.3.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;244 14.3.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;245 14.3.4.4;SUMMARY;246 14.3.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;246 14.3.4.6;REFERENCES;247 14.3.5;CHAPTER 5. FRACTURE STRENGTH OF A NOTCHED BEAM WHEN A SMALL FATIGUE CRACK EMANATES FROM THE NOTCH ROOT;252 14.3.5.1;INTRODUCTION;252 14.3.5.2;DETERMINATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR;252 14.3.5.3;FRACTURE STRESS;253 14.3.5.4;DISCUSSION;254 14.3.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;255 14.3.5.6;REFERENCES;255 14.3.6;CHAPTER 6. ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE CRACK ARREST- TOUGHNESS;262 14.3.6.1;INTRODUC
TION;262 14.3.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL;262 14.3.6.3;RESULTS;263 14.3.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;264 14.3.6.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;264 14.3.6.6;REFERENCES;264 14.3.7;CHAPTER 7. INITIATION OF CRACKS AT DELAYED FRACTURE OF A HIGH STRENGTH STEEL;268 14.3.7.1;INTRODUCTION;268 14.3.7.2;ACOUSTIC EMISSION INVESTIGATION OF INCUBATION PERIOD;268 14.3.7.3;EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND RELATED INTERGRANULAR FRACTURE;269 14.3.7.4;DISCUSSION;270 14.3.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;271 14.3.7.6;REFERENCES;271 14.3.8;CHAPTER 8. BRITTLE FRACTURE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES;276 14.3.8.1;INTRODUCTION;276 14.3.8.2;VALUES OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR KIc RECOMMENDED FOR THE CALCULATION;276 14.3.8.3;SELECTION OF THE TYPICAL DIMENSION OF DEFECT;279 14.3.8.4;SAFETY FACTORS WITH REGARD TO CRITICAL STRESSES AND CRITICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEFECTS;279 14.3.8.5;EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION;280 14.3.8.6;REFERENCES;281 14.4;Session 4: Fracture Toughness and Low Temperature Fracture;284 14.4.1;CHAPTER 1. FRACTURE PROCESSES AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN POWDER FORGED STEELS;284 14.4.1.1;INTRODUCTION;284 14.4.1.2;MATERIALS AND PARAMETERS;284 14.4.1.3;NATURE OF INCLUSIONS AND FRACTURE SURFACE ANALYSIS IN Cr-Mn STEELS;285 14.4.1.4;NATURE OF INCLUSIONS AND. FRACTURE SURFACE ANALYSIS IN Ni-Mo STEELS;286 14.4.1.5;KIc VALUES;287 14.4.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;287 14.4.1.7;REFERENCES;287 14.4.2;CHAPTER 2. INCREASING THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF 18 NI-MARAGING STEEL WELD METAL;292 14.4.2.1;INTRODUCTION;292 14.4.2.2;TEST PROGRAMME;292 14.4.2.3;RESULTS OF THE METALLOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS;293 14.4.2.4;HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS;293 14.4.2.5;RESULTS OF TENSION TESTS;294 14.4.2.6;FRACTURE TOUGHNESS BEHAVIOUR;294 14.4.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;295 14.4.2.8;REFERENCES;295 14.4.3;CHAPTER 3. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF THERMALLY FATIGUED MATERIAL;302 14.4.3.1;INTRODUCTION;302 14.4.3.2;FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM;302 14.4.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;302 14.4.3.4;TESTING MATERIAL;303 14.4.3.5;THERMAL FATIGUE TREATMENT;303 14.4.3.6;ESTIMATE OF THE EXTENT OF THE ZONE AFFECTED BY THERMAL CYCLING;304 14.4.3.7;DETERM
INATION OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;304 14.4.3.8;CORRECTION FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT IN THE THERMAL CYCLE;304 14.4.3.9;RESULTS;304 14.4.3.10;FRACTURE SURFACE OBSERVATIONS;305 14.4.3.11;EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATE OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR;305 14.4.3.12;DISCUSSION;305 14.4.3.13;REFERENCES;306 14.4.4;CHAPTER 4. ON THE INFLUENCE OF LOW-CYCLE DAMAGE ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;312 14.4.4.1;MATERIALS AND TEST SPECIMENS;312 14.4.4.2;LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE INFLUENCE ON THE MATERIAL;313 14.4.4.3;TESTING METHODS;313 14.4.4.4;TEST RESULTS;314 14.4.4.5;THE EFFECT OF LOW CYCLE FATIGUE ON MATERIAL'S RESISTANCE TO BRITTLE FRACTURE INITIATION;314 14.4.4.6;REFERENCES;315 14.4.5;CHAPTER 5. TOUGHNESS - POROSITY PHENOMENA;320 14.4.5.1;INTRODUCTION;320 14.4.5.2;THE EFFECTS OF PORES ON CRACK PROPAGATION;320 14.4.5.3;POSSIBLE MECHANISMS;321 14.4.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;325 14.4.5.5;REFERENCES;326 14.4.6;CHAPTER 6. FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF NODULAR GRAPHITE IRON AT LOW TEMPERATURES;330 14.4.6.1;INTRODUCTION;330 14.4.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;331 14.4.6.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;331 14.4.6.4;SUMMARY;333 14.4.6.5;REFERENCES;334 14.4.7;CHAPTER 7. LOW-TEMPERATURE FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION;340 14.4.7.1;INTRODUCTION;340 14.4.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;341 14.4.7.3;PROPOSED MODEL;342 14.4.7.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;344 14.4.7.5;REFERENCES;344 14.4.8;CHAPTER 8. FRACTURE OF STRUCTURAL ALLOYS AT TEMPERATURES APPROACHING ABSOLUTE ZERO;350 14.4.8.1;INTRODUCTION;350 14.4.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;351 14.4.8.3;RESULTS;351 14.4.8.4;CONCLUSION;353 14.4.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;353 14.4.8.6;REFERENCES;353 14.4.9;CHAPTER 9. FRACTURE AND TOUGHNESS OF BCC IRON ALLOYS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE;358 14.4.9.1;INTRODUCTION;358 14.4.9.2;CLEAVAGE FRACTURE OF IRON ALLOY;358 14.4.9.3;APPLICATION;359 14.4.9.4;CONCLUSION;360 14.4.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;361 14.4.9.6;REFERENCES;361 14.4.10;CHAPTER 10. A CRITERION FOR STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS IN COMPLEX STRESS STATE AT LOW TEMPERATURES;364 14.4.10.1;INTRODUCTION;364 14.4.10.2;INITIAL PHYSICAL ASSUMPTIONS;364
14.4.10.3;THE CRITERION STRUCTURE;364 14.4.10.4;REFERENCES;367 14.4.11;CHAPTER 11. FATIGUE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN 5.5% Ni STEEL AT LOW TEMPERATURE;368 14.4.11.1;INTRODUCTION;368 14.4.11.2;MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;368 14.4.11.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;369 14.4.11.4;CONCLUSION;371 14.4.11.5;REFERENCES;371 15;Part VII: Non-Metals;376 15.1;Session 1: Ceramics;378 15.1.1;CHAPTER 1. FRACTURE MECHANISMS IN Si-Al-O-N CERAMICS;378 15.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;378 15.1.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;378 15.1.1.3;MICROSTRUCTURES;379 15.1.1.4;FRACTURE MECHANISMS;379 15.1.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;381 15.1.1.6;REFERENCES;381 15.1.2;CHAPTER 2. THE MEASUREMENT OF KIc AND SUBCRITICAL CRACK PROPAGATION RATES IN HOT PRESSED SiC AND Si3N4;386 15.1.2.1;INTRODUCTION;386 15.1.2.2;MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES;386 15.1.2.3;RESULTS;388 15.1.2.4;DISCUSSION;388 15.1.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;389 15.1.2.6;REFERENCES;389 15.1.3;CHAPTER 3. THE EVALUATION OF CRACK RESISTANCE AND CRACK VELOCITY FROM CONTROLLED FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS OF CERAMIC BEND SPECIMENS;394 15.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;394 15.1.3.2;EVALUATION METHOD;395 15.1.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;396 15.1.3.4;RESULTS;397 15.1.3.5;DISCUSSION;397 15.1.3.6;ACKNOWLDGEMENT;398 15.1.3.7;REFERENCES;398 15.1.4;CHAPTER 4. DEPENDENCE OF LIFETIME PREDICTIONS ON THE FORM OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION EQUATION;404 15.1.4.1;INTRODUCTION;404 15.1.4.2;FORMS OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION EQUATION;405 15.1.4.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;405 15.1.4.4;DISCUSSION;406 15.1.4.5;REFERENCES;407 15.1.5;CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND FATIGUE FAILURE OF FUSED SILICA FIBRES;414 15.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;414 15.1.5.2;FUNDAMENTALS;414 15.1.5.3;DESIGN DIAGRAMS;416 15.1.5.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;418 15.1.5.5;REFERENCES;418 15.1.6;CHAPTER 6. GRAIN SIZE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF ALUMINA;420 15.1.6.1;INTRODUCTION;420 15.1.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;420 15.1.6.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;421 15.1.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;422 15.1.6.5;REFERENCES;422 15.1.7;CHAPTER 7. FAILURE PREDICTION OF FINITE FLAWED C
ERAMIC PLATES UNDER COMBINED STRESSES;424 15.1.7.1;INTRODUCTION;424 15.1.7.2;STRESS ANALYSIS;424 15.1.7.3;PROBABILITY THEORY;426 15.1.7.4;NUMERICAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;427 15.1.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;428 15.1.7.6;REFERENCES;428 15.1.8;CHAPTER 8. BRITTLE FRACTURE AND SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH IN A CERAMIC STRUCTURE;432 15.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;432 15.1.8.2;ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE;432 15.1.8.3;SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH DURING CYCLIC LOADING;433 15.1.8.4;FRACTURE OF A CERAMIC STRUCTURE;434 15.1.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;435 15.1.8.6;REFERENCES;435 15.1.9;CHAPTER 9. ABOUT THE PROCESS ZONE SURROUNDING THE CRACK TIP IN CERAMICS;440 15.1.9.1;INTRODUCTION;440 15.1.9.2;THEORY;441 15.1.9.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;442 15.1.9.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;443 15.1.9.5;REFERENCE;443 15.1.10;CHAPTER 10. FRACTURE MIRROR FORMATION IN SINGLE CRYSTAL ALUMINA;444 15.1.10.1;INTRODUCTION;444 15.1.10.2;THEORETICAL BACKGROUND;444 15.1.10.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;446 15.1.10.4;REFERENCES;448 15.1.10.5;APPENDIX A;449 15.1.11;CHAPTER 11. CRACK SHAPE STUDY IN A BRITTLE, NON-BONDED, PARTICULATE COMPOSITE;452 15.1.11.1;INTRODUCTION;452 15.1.11.2;EXPERIMENTAL;452 15.1.11.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;454 15.1.11.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;455 15.1.11.5;REFERENCES;455 15.2;Session 2: Glasses;460 15.2.1;CHAPTER 1. BRITTLE FRACTURE UNDER BIAXIAL NORMAL STRESS;460 15.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;460 15.2.1.2;DISC TEST;460 15.2.1.3;TORSION RESULTS ON MARBLE;463 15.2.1.4;DISCUSSION;464 15.2.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;465 15.2.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;466 15.2.1.7;REFERENCES;466 15.2.2;CHAPTER 2. BRANCHING OF HERTZ CRACKS;470 15.2.2.1;INTRODUCTION;470 15.2.2.2;PROCEDURES, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;470 15.2.2.3;CONCLUSIONS;473 15.2.2.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;473 15.2.2.5;REFERENCES;473 15.2.3;CHAPTER 3. MEASUREMENT OF FAST CRACK PROPAGATION IN GLASS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING;476 15.2.3.1;INTRODUCTION;476 15.2.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;476 15.2.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;477 15.2.3.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;477 15.2.3.5;REFERENCES;478 15.2.4;CHAPTER 4. THE PROPAGATION AND BIFUR
CATION OF CRACKS IN QUARTZ;482 15.2.4.1;INTRODUCTION;482 15.2.4.2;RATIONALE;483 15.2.4.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;486 15.2.4.4;REFERENCES;486 15.2.5;CHAPTER 5. ORIGINS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN THE FRACTURE OF GLASS PLATES;490 15.2.5.1;INTRODUCTION;490 15.2.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;490 15.2.5.3;RESULTS;491 15.2.5.4;DISCUSSION;491 15.2.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;492 15.2.5.6;REFERENCES;492 15.2.6;CHAPTER 6. SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF TEMPERED GLASS;496 15.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;496 15.2.6.2;THERMAL INITIAL STRESSES IN TEMPERED GLASS PLATE;496 15.2.6.3;THERMAL STRESSES SURROUNDING AN INCLUSION;497 15.2.6.4;STRESSES AROUND AN NiS INCLUSION AND FRACTURE;498 15.2.6.5;AN ACTUAL EXAMPLE AND DISCUSSION;499 15.2.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;500 15.2.6.7;REFERENCES;500 15.2.7;CHAPTER 7. STRESS CORROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF TOUGHENED GLASSES AND CERAMICS;504 15.2.7.1;INTRODUCTION;504 15.2.7.2;ANALYSIS;504 15.2.7.3;RESULTS;507 15.2.7.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;508 15.2.7.5;REFERENCES;508 15.2.8;CHAPTER 8. EFFECT OF NOTCH ROOT RADIUS ON THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON;512 15.2.8.1;INTRODUCTION;512 15.2.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION;512 15.2.8.3;RESULTS;512 15.2.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;513 15.2.8.5;REFERENCES;513 15.2.9;CHAPTER 9. ON HYDROGEN INDUCED FRACTURE OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL LAYERS;518 15.2.9.1;INTRODUCTION;518 15.2.9.2;PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL LAYER [3];518 15.2.9.3;FRACTURE SURFACE OBSERVATIONS;519 15.2.9.4;MECHANISM OF ENAMEL FRACTURE BY HYDROGEN;519 15.2.9.5;CONCLUSION;521 15.2.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;521 15.2.9.7;REFERENCES;521 15.3;Session 3: Composites;526 15.3.1;CHAPTER 1. FRACTURE OF PARTICULAR COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE;526 15.3.1.1;INTRODUCTION;526 15.3.1.2;MATERIALS;527 15.3.1.3;SPECIMEN DESIGN AND ANALYSIS;527 15.3.1.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;527 15.3.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;529 15.3.1.6;REFERENCES;530 15.3.2;CHAPTER 2. BOND FRACTURE STRENGTH IN CERAMIC-TO-METAL JOINTS;536 15.3.2.1;INTRODUCTION;536 15.3.2.2;MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS;536 15.3.2.3;BOND STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION;536 1
5.3.2.4;BOND STRENGTH AND JOINT PROPERTIES;537 15.3.2.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;537 15.3.2.6;REFERENCES;538 15.3.3;CHAPTER 3. FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF ADHESIVELY-BONDED 7075-T6 ALUMINUM ALLOY LAMINATES;542 15.3.3.1;INTRODUCTION;542 15.3.3.2;LAMINATES;542 15.3.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME;543 15.3.3.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;543 15.3.3.5;CONCLUSION;545 15.3.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;545 15.3.3.7;REFERENCES;545 15.3.4;CHAPTER 4. EFFECT OF INTERFACE ROUGHNESS ON CRACKING OF ANODIC OXIDE FILM ON ALUMINUM;550 15.3.4.1;INTRODUCTION;550 15.3.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;550 15.3.4.3;RESULTS;551 15.3.4.4;DISCUSSION;552 15.3.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;553 15.3.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;553 15.3.4.7;REFERENCES;553 15.3.5;CHAPTER 5. THERMAL FRACTURE IN COMPOUND MATERIALS;558 15.3.5.1;INTRODUCTION;558 15.3.5.2;ANALYSIS;559 15.3.5.3;NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;562 15.3.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;562 15.3.5.5;REFERENCES;563 15.3.6;CHAPTER 6. STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN A CRACKED BIMATERIAL PLATE;566 15.3.6.1;INTRODUCTION;566 15.3.6.2;FINITE ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS;566 15.3.6.3;CONCLUSION;568 15.3.6.4;REFERENCES;568 15.3.7;CHAPTER 7. STRENGTH CRITERIA FOR FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTICS;570 15.3.7.1;INTRODUCTION;570 15.3.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;571 15.3.7.3;REFERENCES;574 15.3.8;CHAPTER 8. THE EFFECT OF THE INTERFACE ON THE FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT CAST GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED Sn-Pb ALLOY;578 15.3.8.1;INTRODUCTION;578 15.3.8.2;MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING METHOD;578 15.3.8.3;RESULTS;579 15.3.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;579 15.3.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;580 15.3.8.6;REFERENCES;580 15.3.9;CHAPTER 9. AN ANALYTICAL R-CURVE EXPRESSION OF A BRITTLE MATRIX COMPOSITE CONTAINING DISCONTINUOUS FIBRES;584 15.3.9.1;INTRODUCTION;584 15.3.9.2;MATERIAL;584 15.3.9.3;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;584 15.3.9.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;585 15.3.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;586 15.3.9.6;REFERENCES;587 15.4;Session 4: Polymers;590 15.4.1;CHAPTER 1. THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE FRACTURE AND YIELD OF POLYMERS;590 15.4.1.1;INTRODUCTIO
N;590 15.4.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;590 15.4.1.3;RESULTS;591 15.4.1.4;ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION;592 15.4.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;593 15.4.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;594 15.4.1.7;REFERENCES;594 15.4.2;CHAPTER 2. STRESSES AROUND A POLYMER CRAZE;598 15.4.2.1;INTRODUCTION;598 15.4.2.2;MODEL AND GOVERNING EQUATION;598 15.4.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;601 15.4.2.4;REFERENCES;601 15.4.3;CHAPTER 3. INFLUENCE OF THE CONFIGURATION OF CRAZES ON THE FRACTURE OF PMMA;606 15.4.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;606 15.4.3.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;606 15.4.3.3;3. THE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF CRAZES;606 15.4.3.4;4. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONFIGURATION OF CRAZES ON THE FRACTURE;607 15.4.3.5;REFERENCES;607 15.4.4;CHAPTER 4. THE EFFECT OF SURFACE FINISH ON THE STRENGTH AND CRAZE RESISTANCE OF POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE IN SOME FLUIDS;610 15.4.4.1;INTRODUCTION;610 15.4.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL;610 15.4.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;611 15.4.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;612 15.4.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;612 15.4.4.6;REFERENCES;612 15.4.5;CHAPTER 5. CYCLIC DEFORMATION AND CRAZE GROWTH IN POLYCARBONATE;616 15.4.5.1;INTRODUCTION;616 15.4.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;616 15.4.5.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;616 15.4.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;619 15.4.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;619 15.4.5.6;REFERENCES;619 15.4.6;CHAPTER 6. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF PMMA UNDER BIAXIAL STRESS;624 15.4.6.1;INTRODUCTION;624 15.4.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;624 15.4.6.3;RESULTS;625 15.4.6.4;CORRECTIONS FOR CRACK END CURVATURE;625 15.4.6.5;CONCLUSION;627 15.4.6.6;REFERENCES;627 15.4.7;CHAPTER 7. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CRACK GROWTH IN CRYSTALLINE POLYPROPYLENE;630 15.4.7.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;632 15.4.7.2;REFERENCES;632 15.4.8;CHAPTER 8. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE FREQUENCY SENSITIVITY OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN POLYMERS;638 15.4.8.1;INTRODUCTION;638 15.4.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;639 15.4.8.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;640 15.4.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;641 15.4.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;641 15.4.8.6;REFERENCES;641 15.4.9;CHAPTER 9. ANISOTROPIC FRACTURE OF A HOT-STRETCHED ACRYLIC THERMOPLASTIC;646 15.4.9.1;INTRODUCTION;646 15.4.
9.2;MATERIAL SPECIFICATION;646 15.4.9.3;VARIATION OF FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR WITH CRACK ORIENTATION;647 15.4.9.4;DISCUSSION;648 15.4.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;649 15.4.9.6;REFERENCES;649 15.4.10;CHAPTER 10. FRACTURE CRITERION FOR SOLID PROPELLANTS;656 15.4.10.1;INTRODUCTION;656 15.4.10.2;TIME DEPENDENT FRACTURE;656 15.4.10.3;MULTIAXIAL FRACTURE ENVELOPE;658 15.4.10.4;CONCLUSION;660 15.4.10.5;REFERENCES;660 15.5;Session 5: Biomaterials and Concrete;664 15.5.1;CHAPTER 1. RESEARCH CRITERIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCOMPATIBLE IMPLANTS FOR PREVENTION OF FRACTURE;664 15.5.1.1;REFERENCES;669 15.5.2;CHAPTER 2. FAILURES OF ORTHOPEDIC FIXATION DEVICES;672 15.5.2.1;INTRODUCTION;672 15.5.2.2;PROCEDURE AND RESULTS;673 15.5.2.3;CONCLUSIONS;673 15.5.2.4;REFERENCES;674 15.5.3;CHAPTER 3. MECHANICAL FAILURE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL LEVEL IN HAVERSIAN BONE;678 15.5.3.1;INTRODUCTION;678 15.5.3.2;INTEROSTEONIC FRACTURES -- CEMENT LINES;678 15.5.3.3;OSTEONIC FRACTURES;679 15.5.3.4;INTRAOSTEONIC FRACTURES;679 15.5.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;680 15.5.3.6;REFERENCES;680 15.5.4;CHAPTER 4. AN EMPIRICAL STRENGTH THEORY FOR COMPACT BONE;684 15.5.4.1;INTRODUCTION;684 15.5.4.2;STRENGTH THEORIES FOR ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS;685 15.5.4.3;PREVIOUS STRENGTH CRITERIA FOR COMPACT BONE;685 15.5.4.4;A PROPOSED EMPIRICAL STRENGTH THEORY FOR COMPACT BONE;686 15.5.4.5;PRELIMINARY BIAXIAL STRENGTH EXPERIMENTS;687 15.5.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;688 15.5.4.7;REFERENCES;688 15.5.5;CHAPTER 5. TENSILE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF VASCULAR SUBSTITUTES;692 15.5.5.1;INTRODUCTION;692 15.5.5.2;MATERIALS USED AND SPECIMENS;692 15.5.5.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;692 15.5.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;694 15.5.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;694 15.5.5.6;REFERENCES;694 15.5.6;CHAPTER 6. STRENGTH OF BRITTLE MATERIALS IN NONUNIFORM TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION;704 15.5.6.1;REFERENCES;706 15.5.7;CHAPTER 7. CRACK PROPAGATION IN A TWO-PHASE MATERIAL SUCH AS CONCRETE;708 15.5.7.1;INTRODUCTION;708 15.5.7.2;BRANCHING CRACKS IN HOMOGENEOUS MATERIAL;708 15.5.7.3;BRANCHING CRACKS FROM I
NTERFACIAL CRACKS;710 15.5.7.4;CRACKS INTERFERING WITH AGGREGATES;711 15.5.7.5;SIMULATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN CONCRETE;711 15.5.7.6;REFERENCES;712 15.5.8;CHAPTER 8. EXISTENCE OF A CRITICAL STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE FOR CONCRETE;716 15.5.8.1;INTRODUCTION;716 15.5.8.2;CRITICAL STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE;716 15.5.8.3;APPLICATION OF THE FRACTURE CRITERION TO CONCRETE;717 15.5.8.4;THE RESULTS;718 15.5.8.5;REFERENCES;719 15.5.9;CHAPTER 9. THE APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO THE INVESTIGATION OF CRACKING IN MASSIVE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS OF DAMS;722 15.5.9.1;INTRODUCTION;722 15.5.9.2;EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS;722 15.5.9.3;SOLUTION OF THERMOELASTIC AND ELASTIC PROBLEMS FOR STRIPS, SLABS AND BEAMS WITH NOTCHES;723 15.5.9.4;THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA;724 15.5.9.5;OPENING OF HORIZONTAL JOINTS ON A DOWNSTREAM FACE OF A DAM;724 15.5.9.6;REFERENCES;726 15.5.10;CHAPTER 10. CREEP FRACTURE OF CONCRETE IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS DURING MANUFACTURE;730 15.5.10.1;INTRODUCTION;730 15.5.10.2;FAILURE OF CONCRETE UNDER TIME-VARIABLE SUSTAINED LOAD;730 15.5.10.3;FAILURE OF PRESTRESSED MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO PRECOMPRESSION FORCES;731 15.5.10.4;REFERENCES;732 16;Author Index;736 17;SUBJECT INDEX;744 18;CITATION INDEX;764 19;EDITORIAL NOTE;800
