Comparative Inorganic Chemistry

Comparative Inorganic Chemistry, Third Edition focuses on the developments in comparative inorganic chemistry, including properties of elements and the structure of their atoms, electronic configuration of atoms of elements, and the electronic theory of valency. The manuscript first offers information on the development of fundamental ideas in 19th century chemistry, as well as purification and identification of substances in the laboratory; classical arguments for the existence of atoms and molecules; and electrolytes, ions, and electrons. The book also takes a look at the properties of elements and the structure of their atoms. The classification of elements in the 19th century, atomic nucleus, divisible atoms, nuclear reactions and fusions, and artificial radioactivity and nuclear transmutations are discussed. The book examines the electronic theory of valency and periodic classification, including basic assumptions of the electronic theory, hydration of ions, ionic bond and the formation of ions, and the development of the concept of valency. The manuscript also ponders on bonding and the structures displayed by elements and their compounds; oxidation, reduction, and electrochemical processes; and the principles on the extraction of elements. The publication is a dependable source of information for chemists and readers interested in inorganic chemistry.

1;Front Cover ;1 2;Comparative Inorganic Chemistry;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Table of Contents;6 5;Preface to the first edition;8 6;Preface to the second edition;10 7;Preface to the third edition;12 8;Chapter 1. The development of fundamental ideas in 19th century chemistry;16 8.1;Science and chemistry;16 8.2;The purification and identification of substances in the laboratory;17 8.3;Atoms: classical arguments for their existence;17 8.4;Molecules: classical arguments for their existence;20 8.5;The Kinetic Theory;24 8.6;Electrolytes, ions and electrons;25 9;Chapter 2. The properties of elements and the structure of their atoms;27 9.1;The method of study;27 9.2;Classification of the elements in the 19th century ;27 9.3;Mendeléeff and Lothar Meyer;28 9.4;Mendeléeff's Periodic Law;30 9.5;The divisible atom;31 9.6;The atomic nucleus;33 9.7;The structure of the atom;35 9.8;The determination of atomic masses by the mass spectrometer;37 9.9;Nuclear reactions;39 9.10;Artificial radioactivity and nuclear transmutations;40 9.11;Nuclear fusion;41 9.12;Nuclear power;41 9.13;Hazards of nuclear power and processing;42 9.14;The detection of radioactivity;42 9.15;Radioactive isotopes;43 10;Chapter 3. The properties of elements and the electronic configuration of their atoms;44 10.1;The discovery of Argon and its significance;44 10.2;The classification of the elements in the 20th century;46 10.3;The Periodic Law;51 10.4;Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers;54 10.5;The 's, p, d, f blocks' of elements;57 10.6;Quantitative evidence for assigning electronic configurations to atoms ;57 10.7;Successive ionization energies and electronic configuration ;59 10.8;Electron affinity;59 10.9;Exchange energy;61 10.10;Using the long form of the Periodic Table;62 10.11;Further predictions using the Periodic Tablethe transuranium elements;63 11;Chapter 4. The electronic theory of valency and the periodic classification;65 11.1;Simple definitions of valency;65 11.2;The development of the concept of valency
;65 11.3;The periodicity of valency;66 11.4;The basic assumptions of the electronic theory;67 11.5;The ionic bond and the formation of ions;67 11.6;Anions of oxoacids;71 11.7;The hydration of ions;71 11.8;The solid structure of ionic compounds;73 11.9;The covalent bond and the formation of molecules;73 11.10;Covalency achieved by donation: the co-ionic bond;76 11.11;The bonding in complex ions;80 11.12;A note on formulae;81 11.13;The positions occupied by metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table;81 12;Chapter 5. Bonding and the structures displayed by elements and their compounds;84 12.1;The general physical properties of compounds related to bond type;84 12.2;The shapes of simple inorganic molecules;86 12.3;Atomic and ionic (including metallic) radii;89 12.4;van der Waals' radii;92 12.5;The transition from ionic to covalent bond type;93 12.6;Electronegativity;94 12.7;Dipole moments;95 12.8;The Theory of Resonance;96 12.9;Fajans' Rules;97 12.10;Lattice energy and crystal energy;99 12.11;The Born-Haber thermochemical cycle;100 12.12;Lattice energy and the solubility of ionic compounds;102 12.13;Physical properties of the elements in relation to their structures and to their positions in the Periodic Table;103 12.14;Semiconductors;105 13;Chapter 6. Crystallization and the crystalline state;107 13.1;The characteristics of crystals, their structure and bonding;107 13.2;Allotropy, polymorphism and isomorphism;120 13.3;An examination of some allotropic systems;122 13.4;Isomorphism;126 14;Chapter 7. Oxidation, reduction and electrochemical processes;129 14.1;Oxidation and reduction;129 14.2;Electrode potentials and redox potentials;131 14.3;Some examples of oxidation and reduction;135 14.4;Oxidation number and valency;139 14.5;The action at electrodes during electrolysis;141 14.6;The electrochemical series and the properties of metals;145 15;Chapter 8. The principles governing the extraction of elements;148 15.1;The nature of the problem;148 15.2;The smelting of oxides;
151 15.3;Oxidation as a means of isolating some elements;152 15.4;The application of electrolysis inextraction processes;152 15.5;Other problems to be studied;153 15.6;An outline of extraction methods;153 16;Chapter 9. The extraction and uses of typical elements;157 16.1;The Presentation;157 16.2;Group I: Lithium, sodium and potassium;157 16.3;Group II: Beryllium, magnesium and calcium;158 16.4;Group III: Boron and aluminium;160 16.5;Group IV: Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead;163 16.6;Group V: Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth;167 16.7;Group VI: Oxygen and sulphur;170 16.8;Group VII: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine;171 17;Chapter 10. The extraction and uses of transition and associated metals;174 17.1;The metals, their physical properties and value;174 17.2;Elements 22-28 inclusive (Ti Ni) of electronic configuration (Ar), (3d)28 (4s)2(1);175 17.3;Element 40 (Zr) of electronic configuration (Kr), (Ad)2 (5s)2;181 17.4;Elements 29,47 and 79 (Cu, Ag and Au, respectively) of outer electronic configurations (3d)10 (4s)1, (4d)10 (5s)1 and (5d)10 (6s)1;181 17.5;Elements 30, 48 and 80 (Zn, Cd and Hg, respectively) of outer electronic configurations (3d)10 (4s)2, (4d)10 (5s )2 and (5d)10(6s)2;185 18;Chapter 11. Industrial alloys;188 18.1;The need for alloys;188 18.2;The nature of solid phases in alloy production;188 18.3;Alloys based on copper;189 18.4;The coinage alloys;190 18.5;Light alloys based on aluminium, magnesium, titanium and beryllium;190 18.6;Alloys developed for resistance to chemical attack;191 18.7;Heat-resisting alloys;192 18.8;Alloys developed for electrical resistance and electrical heating;192 18.9;Type metals and master pattern alloys;194 18.10;Fusible alloys and solders;194 18.11;Bearing metal;194 18.12;Magnetic alloys;194 18.13;Miscellaneous alloys of interest;194 18.14;The production of steel;195 18.15;Industrial pollution;197 18.16;Corrosion of iron and steel;197 19;Chapter 12. Commercial processes based on air, water,
petroleum and coal;198 19.1;The liquefaction and fractionation of air;198 19.2;Chemicals from coal: coal gas;201 19.3;Town gas from petroleum;204 19.4;The commercial production of ammonia and nitrogen compounds;204 20;Chapter 13. The industrial production of sulphuric acid;213 20.1;The paramount importance of sulphuric acid;213 20.2;Sulphur dioxide;214 20.3;Sulphuric acid;215 21;Chapter 14. Chemicals from salt: the alkali industry;219 21.1;A brief history of alkali production;219 21.2;The occurrence of brine and rock salt;221 21.3;Soda (sodium carbonate): the Ammonia-Soda process;221 21.4;Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide): the Lime-Soda (Gossage) process;223 21.5;Refined sodium hydrogencarbonate (sodium bicarbonate);224 21.6;Sodium silicates;224 21.7;Uses of the major alkali products;224 21.8;Electrolysis of sodium chloride;225 21.9;Potassium compounds produced electrolytically;230 21.10;Applications of the elements produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride;230 22;Chapter 15. Hydrogen, the hydrides and water;232 22.1;Hydrogen;232 22.2;The hydrides;233 22.3;Hydride type and the Periodic Table;234 22.4;The hydrogen cation, H+;235 22.5;The hydrogen bond;235 22.6;Reactions in which hydrogen is liberated;236 22.7;The industrial production of hydrogen;238 22.8;The reactions of hydrogen;239 22.9;Monatomic hydrogen;240 22.10;A summary of the uses of hydrogen;240 22.11;Hydrogen oxide: water;240 22.12;Water supplies;243 22.13;The reactions of water;246 22.14;The structure of water and hydration;247 22.15;Deuterium compounds;249 22.16;The general properties of acids, bases and salts in relation to water;250 22.17;Salt hydrolysis;256 23;Chapter 16. Oxygen, oxides and peroxides;258 23.1;Oxygen;258 23.2;Oxides;260 23.3;Oxide type, oxidation state and the Periodic Table;262 23.4;Reactions in which oxygen is liberated;264 23.5;The reactions of oxygen;265 23.6;A summary of methods used to prepareoxides;267 23.7;Photosynthesis;268 23.8;Respiration;268 23.9;The uses of oxygen;269
23.10;The allotropy of oxygen: ozone (trioxygen);269 23.11;The preparation of ozone;270 23.12;The reactions of ozone;270 23.13;The formula of ozone;271 23.14;The detection and estimation of ozone;272 23.15;Hydrogen peroxide;272 23.16;The formula and structure of hydrogen peroxide;274 23.17;The preparation of hydrogen peroxide;274 23.18;The commercial production of hydrogen peroxide;275 23.19;The reactions of hydrogen peroxide solution;276 23.20;The detection and estimation of hydrogen peroxide;277 23.21;The uses of hydrogen peroxide;278 24;Chapter 17. Group I: the alkali metals;280 24.1;Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium;280 24.2;The hydrides, oxides and hydroxides;285 24.3;Important salts formed by the alkali metals;288 24.4;Group V: nitrogen, phosphorus;291 24.5;Group VI (excluding oxygen): sulphur;294 24.6;Group VII: halogens;297 24.7;Qualitative tests for the ions of lithium, sodium and potassium;298 25;Chapter 18. Group II: the alkaline-earth metals;300 25.1;Beryllium, magnesium, calcium,strontium and barium;300 25.2;The metals, except beryllium;305 25.3;The hydrides, oxides and hydroxides;307 25.4;Important salts formed by the alkaline-earth metals;309 25.5;Group V: nitrogen, phosphorus;311 25.6;Group VI (excluding oxygen): sulphur;312 25.7;Group VII: halogens;314 25.8;Qualitative tests for ions of the alkaline-earth metals;316 26;Chapter 19. Group III: the boron group;318 26.1;Boron and aluminium;318 26.2;Boron, the boric acids and borates;321 26.3;Aluminium and its important compounds;322 27;Chapter 20. Group IV: the carbon group;329 27.1;Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead;329 27.2;The elements;336 27.3;Carbides and suicides;338 27.4;Dioxides, monoxides and oxoacids/hydroxides;340 27.5;Disulphides, monosulphides and thiosalts;349 27.6;Halides;351 27.7;Salts of the oxoacids;355 27.8;Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead;329 27.9;The elements;336 27.10;Carbides and silicides;338 27.11;Dioxides, monoxides and oxoacids/hydroxides;340 27.1
2;Disulphides, monosulphides and thiosalts;349 27.13;Halides;351 27.14;Salts of the oxoacids;355 27.15;Qualitative and quantitative analysis for tin and lead and their compounds;357 27.16;Miscellaneous inorganic compounds containing cyano (C=N) and carbonyl (C=O) groups;358 27.17;The elements;336 27.18;Carbides and silicides;338 27.19;Dioxides, monoxides and oxoacids/hydroxides;340 28;Chapter 21. Group V: the nitrogen group;362 28.1;Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic antimony and bismuth;362 28.2;The elements;370 28.3;Nitrides;372 28.4;Hydrides and related compounds;373 28.5;Oxides and oxoacids/hydroxides;378 28.6;Sulphides;393 28.7;Halides, halides of oxoradicals and oxide halides;395 28.8;Salts of the oxoacids;398 28.9;Qualitative and quantitative analysis for arsenic, antimony and bismuth in their compounds;398 29;Chapter 22. Group VI: sulphur;401 29.1;The unusual nature of sulphur;401 29.2;Oxygen and sulphur in relation to other elements of Group VI (p block): oxygen, sulphur, selenium and tellurium;401 29.3;Sulphur;404 30;Chapter 23. Group VII: the halogens;418 30.1;Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine;418 30.2;A laboratory introduction to the halogens;424 30.3;The laboratory preparations of chlorine, bromine and iodine;425 30.4;A comparison of the reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine showing the progressive gradation of properties;426 30.5;The laboratory preparation of hydrogen chloride, bromide and iodide;430 30.6;A comparison of the reactions of hydrogen chloride, bromide and iodide;431 30.7;The action of water on halides;433 30.8;The distinctive character of fluorine, hydrogen fluoride and fluorides;436 30.9;Halogen and halide aspects of qualitative and quantitative analysis;442 30.10;The principal oxides of the halogens, their oxoacids and salts;445 30.11;The oxoacids of chlorine and their salts;447 31;Chapter 24. Period 4: transition and associated elements;457 31.1;The first transition series;457 31.2;Comparing the 3d elements;460 31.3;Scandium;467 31.
4;Titanium;467 31.5;Vanadium;468 31.6;Chromium;469 31.7;Complexes of Cr and CrIII;473 31.8;Manganese;474 31.9;Iron;477 31.10;Complexes of Feo, FeII and FeIII;483 31.11;Cobalt;484 31.12;Complexes of CoII and CoIII;486 31.13;Nickel;487 31.14;Complexes of Ni and NiII;490 31.15;Copper;491 31.16;Complexes of CuI and CuII;497 31.17;Zinc;498 31.18;Complexes of ZnII;500 32;Chapter 25. Period 5: silver;502 32.1;The element, its character and uses;502 32.2;Ag1: silver(i) compounds (formerly sometimes called argentous compounds);503 32.3;The laboratory importance of silver nitrate;506 32.4;Photography and silver compounds;509 33;Chapter 26. Period 6: mercury;511 33.1;The element and its oxidation states;511 33.2;Hg(l): dimercury(I) compounds and their reactions;514 33.3;Hg(II): mercury(II) compounds and their reactions;515 34;Examination questions;519 35;Answers to numerical and problem sections;559 36;Index;561