One of the only books to discuss all vertebrates, the fourth edition of Vertebrate Endocrinology has been completely reorganized and updated to explore the intricate mechanisms that control human physiology and behavior as well as that of other vertebrate animals. Perfect for students in endocrinology, zoology, biology and physiology, it allows readers to gain both an understanding of the intricate relationships among all of the body systems and their regulation by hormones and other bioregulators, but also a sense of their development through evolutionary time as well as the roles of hormones at different stages of an animal's life cycle.
Chapters have been reorganized to more closely follow traditional classroom presentation and extensive suggested readings are included at the end of each chapter allowing the reader to obtain further information as well as connect concepts to the literature on which the book is based. For the first time, this edition features four-color illustrations.
- Provides a complete overview of the endocrine system of vertebrates by first emphasizing the mammalian system as the basis of most terminology and understanding of endocrine mechanisms and then applies that to non-mammals
- Introduces the reader to suitable concepts and explanation of jargon so that the reader will be able to delve directly into the primary literature on any endocrine-related topic with a background that will aid in their interpretation of new information
- Revised and updated chapter on The Molecular Bases for Chemical Regulation that now includes more evolutionary data
- Includes information on endocrine disrupting chemicals and their implications on the health of wildlife and humans
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Title Page;4 2;Copyright Page;5 3;Table of Contents;8 4;Preface to the Fourth Edition;9 5;Acknowledgements;10 6;Chapter 1. An Overview of Chemical Bioregulation in Vertebrates;12 6.1;I. The Comparative Vertebrate Approach;13 6.2;II. The Origins of Bioregulation;14 6.3;III. Categories of Bioregulators;15 6.4;IV. General Organization of Bioregulatory Systems;18 6.5;V. Cell and Tissue Organization of Bioregulatory Systems;21 6.6;VI. Homeostasis;23 6.6.1;A. A Homeostatic Reflex Model;24 6.7;VII. Endocrine Disruption of Homeostasis;27 6.8;VIII. Chordate Evolution;31 6.8.1;A. The Invertebrate Chordates;31 6.8.2;B. The Vertebrate Chordates;33 6.8.3;C. Amphibia;36 6.8.4;D. Reptiles;37 6.8.5;E. Birds;37 6.8.6;F. Mammals;38 6.9;Suggested Reading;38 7;Chapter 2. Methods to Study Bioregulation;41 7.1;I. The Scientific Method;42 7.1.1;A. Controlled Experimental Testing;42 7.1.2;B. Representative Sampling;44 7.1.3;C. The Dose-Response Relationship;45 7.1.4;D. Occams Razor and Morgans Canon;46 7.1.5;E. Biological Rhythms;46 7.2;II. Methods of Endocrine Analysis;47 7.2.1;A. Extirpation-Observation and Replacement-Observation;47 7.2.2;B. Imaging;48 7.2.3;C. Radioimmunoassay;48 7.2.4;D. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Spectroscopy;50 7.2.5;E. Immunohistochemistry;51 7.2.6;F. Techniques for Determining the Number and Characteristics of Receptors;52 7.3;III. Molecular Biology and Bioregulation;54 7.3.1;A. Genetic and Genomic Approaches in Endocrinology;54 7.3.2;B. Proteomics;55 7.4;IV. Animal Models;55 7.5;V. Statistics;56 7.6;Suggested Reading;56 8;Chapter 3. Synthesis, Metabolism, and Actions of Bioregulators;57 8.1;I. Amino Acids, Amines, Peptides, and Proteins;58 8.1.1;A. Catecholamines;59 8.1.2;B. Indoleamines;62 8.1.3;C. Peptides;63 8.1.4;D. Receptors for Amine and Peptide Bioregulators;68 8.1.5;E. The Second Messenger Concept;72 8.1.6;F. Turning Off the Response to Bioregulators;79 8.1.7;G. Effects of Membrane-Bound Bioregulators on Nuclear Transcription;82 8.2;II. Ster
oid Bioregulators;83 8.2.1;A. Steroid Structure and Nomenclature;87 8.2.2;B. Steroid Synthesis;91 8.2.3;C. Transport of Steroid Hormones in Blood;97 8.2.4;D. Mechanisms of Steroid Action;97 8.2.5;E. Reproductive Steroid Action;102 8.2.6;F. Membrane Receptors for Steroids;104 8.2.7;G. Metabolism and Excretion of Steroid Hormones;104 8.3;III. Thyroid Hormones;106 8.3.1;A. Structure and Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones;107 8.3.2;B. Transport of Thyroid Hormones in the Blood;108 8.3.3;C. Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action;108 8.3.4;D. Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones;109 8.4;IV. Eicosanoids;109 8.4.1;A. Chemical Structure of Eicosanoids;109 8.4.2;B. Biosynthesis and Actions of Eicosanoids;111 8.5;V. Other Important Bioregulators;111 8.5.1;A. Acetylcholine;111 8.5.2;B. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA);112 8.5.3;C. Interleukins;112 8.5.4;D. Miscellaneous Brain Neuropeptides;113 8.5.5;E. Gaseous Bioregulators;113 8.6;VI. Summary;113 8.7;Suggested Reading;114 9;Chapter 4. Organization of the Mammalian Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axes;117 9.1;I. The Mammalian Pituitary;120 9.1.1;A. Subdivisions of the Adenohypophysis;123 9.1.2;B. Cellular Types of the Adenohypophysis;126 9.1.3;C. Subdivisions of the Neurohypophysis;130 9.2;II. The Mammalian Hypothalamus;130 9.2.1;A. Sexual Differences in the Hypothalamus;132 9.2.2;B. Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones;133 9.2.3;C. Control of Hypothalamic Hormone Release;133 9.2.4;D. Paracrine Factors in the Adenohypophysis;135 9.3;III. Tropic Hormones of the Adenohypophysis;135 9.3.1;A. Category I Tropic Hormones;138 9.3.2;B. Category II Tropic Hormones;139 9.3.3;C. Category III Tropic Hormones;143 9.4;IV. Regulation of Tropic Hormone Secretion in Mammals;146 9.4.1;A. Regulation of Thyrotropin Secretion;146 9.4.2;B. Other Neural Factors Affecting TSH Secretion;149 9.4.3;C. Feedback Effects on TSH Secretion;149 9.4.4;D. Regulation of Gonadotropin (GTH) Secretion by GnRH;150 9.4.5;E. Feedback Effects on Gonadotropin Secretion;154 9.4.6;F. Regulation of Grow
th Hormone Secretion;154 9.4.7;G. Feedback Effects on GH Secretion;156 9.4.8;H. Regulation of Prolactin Secretion;156 9.4.9;I. Feedback and Other Chemical Effects on Prolactin Secretion;158 9.4.10;J. Regulation of Corticotropin Secretion;158 9.4.11;K. Feedback Effects on ACTH Secretion;160 9.4.12;L. Regulation of Melanotropin (α-MSH) Secretion;160 9.5;V. The Nonapeptide Hormones;160 9.5.1;A. The Biological Actions of Vasopressins;161 9.5.2;B. Uterotonic and Milk Ejection Activities: Oxytocin;164 9.5.3;C. Nonapeptide Neurohormones and Behavior;165 9.6;VI. The Pineal Gland;165 9.6.1;A. The Pineal Gland and Melatonin;166 9.6.2;B. Functions of the Pineal Gland in Mammals;166 9.6.3;C. The Pineal Gland and Other Tropic Hormones;170 9.6.4;D. The Pineal Gland and Aging;171 9.6.5;E. Other Factors Affecting the Pineal;171 9.6.6;F. Extrapineal Sources of Melatonin;172 9.7;VII. Clinical Aspects of the Neuroendocrine System;172 9.7.1;A. Disorders of the Hypothalamus;172 9.7.2;B. Disorders Associated with the Pineal Gland;173 9.7.3;C. Disorders of the Adenohypophysis;173 9.8;VIII. Summary;174 9.9;Suggested Reading;175 10;Chapter 5. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary System in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates;179 10.1;I. The Fishes;181 10.1.1;A. Agnathan (Jawless) Fishes;183 10.1.2;B. The Myxinoids (Hagfishes);185 10.1.3;C. Lampreys (Petromyzontids);185 10.1.4;D. Chondrichthyean Fishes;186 10.1.5;E. Bony Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygians);188 10.1.6;F. Bony Fishes: The Lobe-Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygians);192 10.2;II. The Tetrapod Vertebrates: Anatomical Considerations;193 10.2.1;A. Amphibians;193 10.2.2;B. Reptiles;196 10.2.3;C. Birds;197 10.3;III. Tropic Hormones of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates;198 10.3.1;A. Category I: Gonadotropins (GTHs) and Thyrotropin (TSH);198 10.3.2;B. Category II Tropic Hormones: Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH);201 10.3.3;C. Category III Tropic Hormones: The POMC Group;208 10.3.4;D. Endorphins in Non-Mammals;214 10.4;IV. Comparative Aspects of Hypothalamic
Control of Pituitary Function in Non-Mammals;214 10.4.1;A. Category I: The Glycoprotein Hormones;214 10.4.2;B. Category II: Growth Hormone (GH) and Prolactin (PRL);218 10.4.3;C. Category III: The POMC Group;220 10.5;V. Neurohormones of the Non-Mammalian Pars Nervosa;221 10.6;VI. The Epiphysial Complex;224 10.6.1;A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes;225 10.6.2;B. Chondrichthyean Fishes;226 10.6.3;C. Bony Fishes: Teleosts;226 10.6.4;D. The Pineal in Amphibians;227 10.6.5;E. The Pineal in Reptiles;227 10.6.6;F. The Pineal in Birds;228 10.6.7;G. Evolution of Melatonins Functions;228 10.7;VII. Summary;229 10.8;Suggested Reading;230 11;Chapter 6. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis of Mammals;232 11.1;I. Some Historical Aspects of Thyroid Physiology;233 11.2;II. Development and Organization of the Mammalian Thyroid Gland;234 11.3;III. Synthesis, Secretion, Action, and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones;236 11.3.1;A. Dietary Iodide and Iodide Uptake;237 11.3.2;B. Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones;239 11.3.3;C. Peripheral Deiodination and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones;242 11.3.4;D. Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones;243 11.4;IV. Factors That Influence Thyroid Function in Mammals;243 11.4.1;A. Endocrine Factors Affecting Thyroid Gland Function;243 11.4.2;B. Non-Endocrine Factors Affecting Thyroid Gland Function;245 11.5;V. Biological Actions of Thyroid Hormones in Mammals;248 11.5.1;A. Metabolic Actions;248 11.5.2;B. Growth and Differentiation;249 11.5.3;C. Reproduction;250 11.6;VI. Clinical Aspects of Thyroid Function;250 11.6.1;A. Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism;250 11.6.2;B. Myxedema and Hypothyroidism;251 11.6.3;C. Goiters;251 11.6.4;D. Thyroiditis;252 11.6.5;E. Inherited Disorders;252 11.6.6;F. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome;252 11.7;VII. Summary;253 11.8;Suggested Reading;253 12;Chapter 7. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates;255 12.1;I. Evolution of the Thyroid Gland and Its Functions;255 12.1.1;A. The Origin of the Thyroid Gla
nd;257 12.1.2;B. Regulation of Vertebrate Thyroids;260 12.1.3;C. The Origin of Thyroid Function;260 12.1.4;D. Prolactin and Its Interactions with the Thyroid Axis;262 12.1.5;E. Surgical and Chemical Thyroidectomy and Radiothyroidectomy;262 12.2;II. Comparative Thyroid Physiology;264 12.2.1;A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes;264 12.2.2;B. Chondrichthyean Fishes;264 12.2.3;C. Bony Fishes: Chondrosteans;265 12.2.4;D. Bony Fishes: Teleosts;265 12.2.5;E. Bony Fishes: Sarcopterygians;269 12.2.6;F. Thyroid Functions in Amphibians;270 12.2.7;G. Thyroid Functions in Reptiles;276 12.2.8;H. Thyroid Functions in Birds;278 12.3;III. Summary;280 12.4;Suggested Reading;281 13;Chapter 8. The Mammalian Adrenal Glands: Cortical and Chromaffin Cells;283 13.1;I. The Mammalian Adrenal Cortex;286 13.1.1;A. Zonation of the Adrenal Cortex;287 13.1.2;B. Additional Zonation;287 13.2;II. Biosynthesis and Transport of Corticosteroids;289 13.2.1;A. Synthesis of Corticosteroids;289 13.2.2;B. Release of Corticosteroids;290 13.2.3;C. Transport of Corticosteroids in the Blood;290 13.2.4;D. Metabolism of Corticosteroids;290 13.3;III. Secretion and Actions of Glucocorticoids;290 13.3.1;A. Actions of Glucocorticoids;291 13.3.2;B. Mechanism of Glucocorticoid Cellular Action;291 13.4;IV. Aldosterone: The Principal Mammalian Mineralocorticoid;294 13.4.1;A. The Renin-Angiotensin System and Aldosterone Secretion;294 13.4.2;B. Independent Renin-Angiotensin Systems;297 13.4.3;C. Additional Factors Controlling Aldosterone Secretion;297 13.4.4;D. Mechanism of Aldosterone Action;299 13.5;V. Clinical Aspects of the Adrenal Axis;300 13.5.1;A. Glucocorticoid Hypersecret;300 13.5.2;B. Glucocorticoid Hyposecretion;301 13.5.3;C. Disorders of Aldosterone Secretion;302 13.5.4;D. Adrenal Excesses in Androgen Production;302 13.5.5;E. Side Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy;302 13.6;VI. The Mammalian Adrenal Medulla;303 13.6.1;A. Synthesis and Metabolism of Adrenal Catecholamines;304 13.6.2;B. Regulation of Catecholamine Secr
etion;304 13.6.3;C. Mechanism of Action for Adrenal Catecholamines;305 13.7;VII. Summary;306 13.8;Suggested Reading;307 14;Chapter 9. Comparative Aspects of Vertebrate Adrenals;309 14.1;I. Comparative Aspects of Adrenocortical Tissue;310 14.2;II. Adrenocortical Tissue in Non-Mammals;311 14.2.1;A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes;311 14.2.2;B. Chondrichthyean Fishes;311 14.2.3;C. Ray-Finned Osteichthyean Fishes: Actinopterygians;312 14.2.4;D. Lobe-Finned Osteichthyean Fishes: Sarcopterygians;313 14.2.5;E. Amphibians;314 14.2.6;F. Reptiles;316 14.2.7;G. Birds;316 14.3;III. Physiological Roles for Corticosteroids in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates;318 14.3.1;A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes;320 14.3.2;B. Chondrichthyean Fishes;320 14.3.3;C. Bony Fishes;320 14.3.4;D. Amphibians;322 14.3.5;E. Reptiles;323 14.3.6;F. Birds;324 14.4;IV. Renin-Angiotensin System in Non-Mammals;325 14.4.1;A. Renin-Angiotensin System in Agnathan Fishes;325 14.4.2;B. Renin-Angiotensin System in Chondrichthyean Fishes;325 14.4.3;C. Actinopterygian Renin-Angiotensin System;326 14.4.4;D. Sarcopterygian Renin-Angiotensin System and ANP;327 14.4.5;E. Amphibian Renin-Angiotensin System;327 14.4.6;F. Reptilian Renin-Angiotensin System;327 14.4.7;G. Avian Renin-Angiotensin System;327 14.5;V. Natriuretic Peptides in Non-Mammals;328 14.6;VI. Evolution of Chromaffin Tissue and Adrenal Medullary Hormones;329 14.7;VII. Summary;330 14.8;Suggested Reading;331 15;Chapter 10. The Endocrinology of Mammalian Reproduction;333 15.1;I. General Features of Mammalian Reproduction;334 15.1.1;A. Embryogenesis of Gonads and Their Accessory Ducts;336 15.2;II. Reproduction in Monotremes and Marsupials;341 15.2.1;A. Monotremes;341 15.2.2;B. Marsupials;342 15.3;III. Reproduction in Eutherian Mammals;344 15.3.1;A. Puberty;345 15.4;IV. Endocrine Regulation in Eutherian Males;346 15.4.1;A. Spermatogenesis;346 15.4.2;B. Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Functions;350 15.4.3;C. Actions and Metabolism of Androgens in Males;351 15.5;V. Endoc
rine Regulation in Eutherian Females;352 15.5.1;A. The Ovarian Cycle;353 15.5.2;B. The Uterine Cycle;360 15.5.3;C. The Pregnancy Cycle;361 15.5.4;D. Birth (Parturition);363 15.5.5;E. Lactation;365 15.5.6;F. Menopause;367 15.6;VI. Reproductive Cycles in Selected Eutherian Females;367 15.6.1;A. The Four-Day Cycling Rat;368 15.6.2;B. The Ewe;370 15.6.3;C. Women;371 15.6.4;D. Elephants;373 15.7;VII. Major Human Endocrine Disorders Related to Reproduction;374 15.7.1;A. Precocious Puberty;375 15.7.2;B. Hereditary Disorders;377 15.8;VIII. Summary;378 15.9;Suggested Reading;379 16;Chapter 11. Comparative Aspects of Vertebrate Reproduction;382 16.1;I. Some General Features of Vertebrate Reproduction;383 16.1.1;A. Gonad Features in Non-Mammals;385 16.1.2;B. Reproductive Ducts in Non-Mammals;386 16.1.3;C. Endocrine Features in Non-Mammals;387 16.1.4;D. Sex Determination in Vertebrates;387 16.2;II. Reproduction in Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes;391 16.2.1;A. Male Lampreys;391 16.2.2;B. Female Lampreys;391 16.2.3;C. Endocrine Function in Lampreys;393 16.2.4;D. Hagfishes;393 16.3;III. Reproduction in Chondrichthyean Fishes;393 16.3.1;A. Male Elasmobranchs;393 16.3.2;B. Female Elasmobranchs;396 16.4;IV. Reproduction in the Bony Fishes;397 16.4.1;A. Male Bony Fishes;399 16.4.2;B. Female Bony Fishes;400 16.4.3;C. Reproductive Behavior in Bony Fishes;401 16.5;V. Reproduction in Amphibians;403 16.5.1;A. Oviparity in Amphibians;403 16.5.2;B. Viviparity in Amphibians;404 16.5.3;C. Reproduction in Male Amphibians;405 16.5.4;D. Reproduction in Female Amphibians;410 16.5.5;E. Reproductive Behavior in Amphibians;415 16.6;VI. Reproduction in Reptiles;417 16.6.1;A. Male Reptiles;417 16.6.2;B. Female Reptiles;419 16.6.3;C. Environment, Behavior, and Reproduction in Reptiles;424 16.7;VII. Reproduction in Birds;426 16.7.1;A. Male Birds;427 16.7.2;B. Female Birds;431 16.7.3;C. Androgen-Dependent Secondary Sex Characters in Male and Females Birds;433 16.7.4;D. Reproductive Behavior in Birds;434 16.8
;VIII. Summary;434 16.9;Suggested Reading;435 17;Chapter 12. Bioregulation of Feeding, Digestion, and Metabolism;438 17.1;I. Bioregulation of Feeding;439 17.1.1;A. Stimulation of Feeding;439 17.1.2;B. Inhibition of Feeding;439 17.2;II. Bioregulation of Digestion;443 17.2.1;A. The Human Digestive System;444 17.2.2;B. Embryonic Origin of Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells;445 17.2.3;C. Hormonal and Neural Regulation of Gastric Digestion;445 17.2.4;D. Regulation of Intestinal Digestion;448 17.2.5;E. Intestinal Regulation of Gastric Secretion;450 17.2.6;F. Complex Interactions of Gastrointestinal Peptides;454 17.3;III. Bioregulation of Metabolism;455 17.3.1;A. Major Elements of Metabolism in Vertebrates;455 17.3.2;B. Protein Metabolism;459 17.3.3;C. Lipid Metabolism;459 17.3.4;D. Gluconeogenesis;461 17.3.5;E. Fatty Acid Metabolism and Ketogenesis;461 17.4;IV. The Mammalian Pancreas;461 17.4.1;A. Development of the Mammalian Pancreas;464 17.4.2;B. Cellular Types in Pancreatic Islets;465 17.4.3;C. Hormones of the Mammalian Endocrine Pancreas;467 17.5;V. Hormones Regulating Mammalian Metabolism;472 17.5.1;A. Endocrine Regulation of Metabolism Following Feeding;473 17.5.2;B. Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress on Metabolism;473 17.5.3;C. Protein Anabolic Hormones;475 17.6;VI. Clinical Aspects of Pancreatic Function;475 17.6.1;A. Diabetes Mellitus;475 17.6.2;B. Extrapancreatic Tumor Hypoglycemia;477 17.7;VII. Summary;478 17.8;Suggested Reading;479 18;Chapter 13. Comparative Aspects of Feeding, Digestion, and Metabolism;481 18.1;I. Hormones and Feeding in Non-Mammals;481 18.1.1;A. Orexigenic Factors in Teleost Fishes;482 18.1.2;B. Anorexogenic Factors in Teleost Fishes;483 18.1.3;C. Bioregulation of Feeding in Other Non-Mammals;483 18.2;II. Hormones and Digestion in Non-Mammals;483 18.2.1;A. Agnathan Fishes: Cyclostomes;483 18.2.2;B. Chondrichthyean Fishes;484 18.2.3;C. Bony Fishes: Teleosts;484 18.2.4;D. Amphibians;485 18.2.5;E. Reptiles;485 18.2.6;F. Birds;485 18.3;III. Compa
rative Aspects of the Endocrine Pancreas;486 18.3.1;A. Anatomical Features;486 18.3.2;B. Pancreatic Hormones in Non-Mammals;489 18.3.3;C. Non-Pancreatic Hormones and Metabolism in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates;494 18.4;IV. Summary;495 18.5;Suggested Reading;496 19;Chapter 14. Bioregulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis;497 19.1;I. Importance of Calcium and Phosphate;498 19.1.1;A. Calcium Homeostasis;498 19.1.2;B. Calcium Regulation;498 19.1.3;C. Phosphate Homeostasis;499 19.1.4;D. Interrelationship of Ca2+ and HPO42;500 19.1.5;E. Bone Formation and Resorption in Mammals;500 19.2;II. Endocrine Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Mammals;501 19.2.1;A. The Parathyroid Glands and PTH;502 19.2.2;B. Parathyroid Hormone;504 19.2.3;C. Regulation of PTH Secretion;504 19.2.4;D. The C-Cells and CT;506 19.2.5;E. Skin, Liver, Kidney, and 1,25-DHC;507 19.3;III. Interactions of PTH, CT, and 1,25-DHC;508 19.3.1;A. Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Bone;508 19.3.2;B. Regulation of Calcium Uptake in the Intestine;508 19.3.3;C. Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Kidney;509 19.3.4;D. Other Hormones and Calcium-Phosphate Homeostasis;509 19.3.5;E. Major Clinical Disorders Associated with Calcium Metabolism;510 19.3.6;F. Hypercalcemia;510 19.3.7;G. Hypocalcemia;510 19.3.8;H. Osteoporosis;510 19.3.9;I. Pagets Disease;511 19.4;IV. Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates;512 19.4.1;A. Agnathan Fishes;512 19.4.2;B. Chondrichthyean Fishes;513 19.4.3;C. Bony Fishes: Teleosts;514 19.4.4;D. Bony Fishes: Lungfishes;517 19.4.5;E. Amphibians;517 19.4.6;F. Reptiles;518 19.4.7;G. Birds;520 19.5;V. Summary;521 19.6;Suggested Reading;522 20;Appendix A. Abbreviations of Endocrine Terms;523 21;Appendix B. Vertebrate Tissue Types;530 21.1;I. The Origin of Vertebrate Tissues;530 21.1.1;A. Epithelium;530 21.1.2;B. Connective Tissues;531 21.1.3;C. General Tissue Responses;532 21.2;Appendix C. Amino Acids and Their Symbols;533 22;Appendix D. Bioassays;534 22.1;I. Gon
adotropins;534 22.1.1;A. Luteinizing Hormone (LH);534 22.1.2;B. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH);535 22.2;II. Thyrotropin (TSH);535 22.3;III. Category 2 Tropic Hormones;536 22.3.1;A. Growth Hormone (GH);536 22.3.2;B. Insulinlike Growth Factors (IGFs);536 22.3.3;C. Prolactin (PRL);536 22.4;IV. POMC-Related Hormones;538 22.4.1;A. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH);538 22.4.2;B. Melanotropin (MSH);539 22.4.3;C. Lipotropin (LPH);539 22.5;V. Nonapeptides of Pars Nervosa;540 22.6;VI. Bioassay of Glucagon;541 22.7;VII. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH);541 23;Index;542 24;Color Plates;562
