Human-kind and ecological systems are currently facing one of the toughest challenges: how to feed more billions of people in the future within the perspective of climate change, energy shortages, economic crises and growing competition for the use of renewable and non renewable resources. This challenge is even more crucial given that we have not yet come close to achieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger.
Scientists and relevant stakeholders are now voicing a clear message: that multiple challenges the world is facing require innovative, multifaceted, science-based, technological, economic and political approaches in theoretical thinking, decision making and action. With this background central to survival and well-being, the purpose of this volume is to formulate and promote relevant theoretical analysis and policy recommendations. The major perspective of this publication is that paradigm and policy shifts at all levels are needed urgently. This is based on the evidence that agriculture in the 21st century will be undergoing significant demands, arising largely from the need to increase the global food enterprise, while adjusting and contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Global Food Insecurity aims at providing structure to effect achievement of this critically needed roadmap.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Preface;8 2;Acknowledgements;10 3;Contents;12 4;List of Figures;16 5;List of Tables;18 6;List of Abbreviations and Acronyms;22 7;Part I Agriculture and Rural Development at the Heart of Sustainability and Food Security;26 7.1;Chapter 1: A New Conceptual Framework for Assessing Rural Development Performance: Sustainability of Scale, Scope and Integration;27 7.1.1;1 Introduction;28 7.1.2;2 A New Conceptual Framework;28 7.1.3;3 Scale, Scope, Integration: Tripartition of Strategies;29 7.1.3.1;3.1 Scale and Scope;29 7.1.3.2;3.2 Integration;29 7.1.4;4 Economy, Ecology, Sociology: Tripartition of Criteria;29 7.1.4.1;4.1 Economy;29 7.1.4.2;4.2 Ecology;30 7.1.4.3;4.3 Sociology;30 7.1.5;5 How It Works;30 7.1.5.1;5.1 Theoretical;30 7.1.5.2;5.2 Practical;32 7.1.6;6 Concluding Remarks;32 7.1.7;References;32 7.2;Chapter 2: A Knowledge Approach to Sustainable Agriculture;34 7.2.1;1 Introduction;34 7.2.2;2 Knowledge Approach;36 7.2.3;3 Exploratory Study;38 7.2.4;4 Results;39 7.2.5;5 Conclusions;41 7.2.6;References;42 7.3;Chapter 3: Sustainable Agriculture Ensures Sustainable Rural Development: A Reality or a Myth;44 7.3.1;1 Introduction;45 7.3.2;2 Overview of Pakistans Agricultural Sector;45 7.3.3;3 Constraints Associated with Pakistan Agriculture;46 7.3.3.1;Box 3.1 Constraints and Threats Associated with the Agricultural Sector and Rural Development in Pakistan;47 7.3.3.2;3.1 Water Shortage;48 7.3.3.3;3.2 Smaller Land Holdings and Neglect of Small Farmers;48 7.3.3.4;3.3 Gaps in Productivity;49 7.3.3.5;3.4 Women Farmers Working in Agriculture and Their Status;49 7.3.4;4 Pakistani Rural Development;50 7.3.4.1;4.1 Women and Their Role in Rural Development;51 7.3.4.2;4.2 Poor Infrastructure and Lower Quality of Social Services;51 7.3.5;5 Suggested Strategies to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development;52 7.3.6;6 Conclusions and Recommendations;54 7.3.7;References;54 7.4;Chapter 4: Policies for Sustainable Agricultural Production and Consumption;56 7.4.1;1 Introduction;5
6 7.4.2;2 Resource Use;59 7.4.3;3 Impacts on the Earth;61 7.4.4;4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGS);62 7.4.5;5 Pollution of the Environment;63 7.4.6;6 Ethics, Religion and Science;64 7.4.7;7 Animal Welfare;66 7.4.8;8 Compassion, Health and a Better Environment a Positive Way Forward for Farming;69 7.4.9;9 Conclusions;70 7.4.10;References;72 7.5;Chapter 5: Cultivating Faith: The Relationship Between Islam and Sustainable Agriculture in Rural Communities of American Muslims;75 7.5.1;References;83 7.6;Chapter 6: Agricultural Development for Food Security and Sustainability in Nigeria;85 7.6.1;1 The Nigerias Agricultural Sector;86 7.6.2;2 The Nigerian Rural Economy, Poverty and Environmental Degradation;87 7.6.2.1;2.1 Food Security;88 7.6.2.2;2.2 Technology and Technological Change;89 7.6.2.3;2.3 Sustainable Agricultural Development;89 7.6.3;3 Conclusion;92 7.6.4;References;93 7.7;Chapter 7: African Agriculture at Crossroads: Balancing the Needs of Increased Productivity and the Challenges of Sustainability. The Case of Fadama Agriculture in Semi-Arid North-Central Nigeria;94 7.7.1;1 Introduction;95 7.7.2;2 Typology and Importance of Fadama Areas and Agriculture;96 7.7.2.1;2.1 Fadama Agriculture in Karshi and Baddeggi;97 7.7.2.2;2.2 Indigenous Resource Management in Fadama Areas of Karshi and Baddeggi;98 7.7.3;3 Mechanization and Agrochemicals Use in Fadama Areas of Karshi and Baddeggi;100 7.7.3.1;3.1 Developing a Conceptual Basis for Agricultural Hybridization;102 7.7.4;4 Conclusion: Balancing Productivity and Sustainability;106 7.7.5;References;106 8;Part II Governance for Food Security: Key Challenges and Relevant Debates;111 8.1;Chapter 8: Food Crisis Mitigation: The Need for an Enhanced Global Food Governance;112 8.1.1;1 Introduction;113 8.1.2;2 Research Background and Scope;113 8.1.3;3 Factors Behind Food Crisis;117 8.1.3.1;3.1 Climate Change: Critical Implications for Food Security;117 8.1.3.2;3.2 Energy Shortages and Prices;119 8.1.3.3;3.3 Inadequacy of Agricultur
al and Food Practices and Policies;121 8.1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Global Food and Agriculture System and Food Crisis;121 8.1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Loss of Crop Varieties and Genetic Contamination;122 8.1.3.3.3;3.3.3 Fish Stocks and Marine Biodiversity Decline;123 8.1.3.3.4;3.3.4 Farmer Shortages;124 8.1.3.4;3.4 National and International Policies on Trade, Economics and Agriculture;125 8.1.3.5;3.5 Food for Aid Programs;126 8.1.3.6;3.6 Population Growth and the Shift in Global Food Production and Consumption;130 8.1.4;4 Global Food Governance Regime: Actors, Powers and Dynamics;134 8.1.4.1;4.1 Conflicting Actors and Interests;134 8.1.4.1.1;4.1.1 Role and Power of Powerful States;135 8.1.4.1.2;4.1.2 Role and Powerful Corporate Influence;136 8.1.4.2;4.2 Potential of Global Food Regime to Enhance Food Security;139 8.1.5;5 Concluding Remarks;142 8.1.6;References;143 8.2;Chapter 9: 18,000 Children Die of Starvation Everyday: Cannot We Save Them?;145 8.2.1;1 Introduction;145 8.2.2;2 Methodology;146 8.2.3;3 Hungry People;147 8.2.4;4 Why People Are Hungry?;148 8.2.5;5 Cannot We Save the Hungry People?;149 8.2.6;6 How Can We Save Them?;149 8.2.6.1;6.1 Short-Term Plan;150 8.2.6.2;6.2 Long-Term Plan;150 8.2.6.2.1;6.2.1 Increase Agricultural Production;151 8.2.6.2.2;6.2.2 Come Out of Protectionism;151 8.2.6.2.3;6.2.3 Stop Food Wastage;152 8.2.6.2.4;6.2.4 Obesity Control;153 8.2.6.2.5;6.2.5 Food Safety;154 8.2.6.2.6;6.2.6 Well-Planned Market System;154 8.2.6.2.7;6.2.7 No Bio-fuel;155 8.2.6.2.8;6.2.8 Economy Lifestyle;155 8.2.6.2.9;6.2.9 No War;156 8.2.6.2.10;6.2.10 No Ethnic Violence;157 8.2.6.2.11;6.2.11 Population Control/Management;157 8.2.6.2.12;6.2.12 Corruption Control;157 8.2.6.2.13;6.2.13 No Military Administration;158 8.2.6.2.14;6.2.14 Fight Diseases;159 8.2.6.2.15;6.2.15 Proper Education and Training;159 8.2.6.2.16;6.2.16 Right to Migration;159 8.2.6.2.17;6.2.17 Industrialisation and Job Creation;160 8.2.6.2.18;6.2.18 Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions;160 8.2.6.2.19;6.2.19 Root Out Terr
orism;161 8.2.7;7 Finance;161 8.2.8;8 Conclusion;163 8.2.9;References;164 8.3;Chapter 10: The Self-Reliant Country: Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Australia?;166 8.3.1;1 Introduction;166 8.3.1.1;1.1 Historical Background;167 8.3.2;2 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production;168 8.3.3;3 Analysis: Creating Our Future. Agriculture and Food Policy for the Next Generation;170 8.3.3.1;3.1 Markets Section;170 8.3.3.2;3.2 Natural Resources Section;171 8.3.4;4 Limitations of the Current Agriculturaland Food Policy Framework;172 8.3.5;5 Conclusion;173 8.3.6;References;174 8.4;Chapter 11: LCA Potentials and Limits Within a Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;177 8.4.1;1 Introduction;177 8.4.2;2 LCA as a Tool for the Development of a Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;178 8.4.2.1;2.1 Life-Cycle Thinking Within LCA;178 8.4.2.2;2.2 The LCA Methodology;179 8.4.3;3 LCA Possibilities Leading to the Generation of a More Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;180 8.4.3.1;3.1 Current Applications of LCA in Agricultural Production;180 8.4.3.2;3.2 Current Applications of LCA in Food Processing;181 8.4.4;4 Challenges Facing LCA for a More Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;182 8.4.4.1;4.1 Challenges Facing the Specific Nature of the Agri-food Sector;182 8.4.4.2;4.2 Challenges Facing an Agri-food Statutory Framework;183 8.4.5;5 Conclusion;184 8.4.6;References;185 8.5;Chapter 12: Risk Communication at the Hungarian Guar-Gum Scandal;188 8.5.1;1 Introduction;189 8.5.1.1;1.1 What Is Guar Gum?;189 8.5.1.2;1.2 The Process of the Contamination;190 8.5.2;2 Objective;190 8.5.3;3 Materials and Methods;191 8.5.4;4 Results and Discussion;191 8.5.5;5 Conclusion;197 8.5.6;References;197 8.6;Chapter 13: The Environmental Challenges and Its Security Implications for South Asia;199 8.6.1;1 Introduction;199 8.6.2;2 Environment and Security: A Conceptual Understanding;201 8.6.3;3 Global Warming: A Major Environmental Threat for South Asia;202 8.6.4;4 Social Effects of Environmen
tal Degradation;203 8.6.4.1;4.1 Population Growth;203 8.6.4.2;4.2 Agricultural Land and Agricultural Production;205 8.6.4.3;4.3 Population Displacement or Migration;206 8.6.4.4;4.4 Disrupted Institutions and Social Relations;207 8.6.5;5 Need for a Regional Approach on Environmental Crisis;207 8.6.5.1;5.1 Deep Cuts in Carbon Emissions;208 8.6.5.2;5.2 Population Control;208 8.6.5.3;5.3 Strengthening Institutions and Legislation;209 8.6.5.4;5.4 Accounting and Cooperative Management of Natural Resources;209 8.6.5.5;5.5 Training and Orientation Programs in Environmental Management;210 8.6.5.6;5.6 Promoting Environmental Awareness;210 8.6.5.7;5.7 Promoting Appropriate Environmental Technologies;210 8.6.6;6 Conclusion;211 8.6.7;References;211 9;Part III Climate Change and Energy as New Major Factors Redefining the World Food Equation;213 9.1;Chapter 14: Climate Change, Seasonality and Hunger: The South Asian Experience;214 9.1.1;1 Backdrop;214 9.1.2;2 Seasonality and Hunger;215 9.1.3;3 The Controlling of Climate in South Asia;217 9.1.4;4 The Heightened Impacts of Climate Change;220 9.1.5;5 Climate Proofing the Farmer to Ensure Food Security;223 9.1.6;6 Summing Up;224 9.1.7;References;227 9.2;Chapter 15: Effects of Climate Change on Food and Human Security in Nigeria;229 9.2.1;1 Introduction;229 9.2.2;2 Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks on Climate Change and Human Security;230 9.2.2.1;2.1 What Is Climates and Climate Change?;230 9.2.2.2;2.2 Meaning and Dimensions of Food Security;231 9.2.2.3;2.3 The Concepts and Meaning of Human Security;231 9.2.2.4;2.4 Relationship Between Climate Change, Food Security and Human Security;232 9.2.2.5;2.5 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies Against Climate Change;233 9.2.3;3 Methodology;234 9.2.3.1;3.1 Study Area: Nature of Climate Change in Nigeria;234 9.2.3.2;3.2 Types and Methods of Data Collection;234 9.2.4;4 Results and Discussion of Findings;234 9.2.4.1;4.1 Factors Influencing Climate Change in Nigeria;235 9.2.4.2;4.2 Effects of C
limate Change;235 9.2.4.2.1;4.2.1 Economic Effects of Climate Change;235 9.2.4.2.2;4.2.2 Social Effects of Climate Change;236 9.2.4.2.3;4.2.3 Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security;236 9.2.4.2.4;4.2.4 Human Consequences of Climate Change;237 9.2.4.2.5;4.2.5 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Climate Change Effects in Nigeria;238 9.2.4.3;4.3 Government Responses to Climate Change and Constraining Factors;239 9.2.5;5 Conclusion and Recommendations;240 9.2.6;References;241 9.3;Chapter 16: Quantitative Assessment of Climate Change by Weather Generation Models and Downscaling GCM Data in Tehran, Iran;244 9.3.1;1 Introduction;245 9.3.2;2 Study Area;246 9.3.3;3 Methodology;247 9.3.3.1;3.1 Model Calibration;248 9.3.4;4 Modeling Results;249 9.3.4.1;4.1 Precipitation;249 9.3.4.2;4.2 Major and Extreme Rainfall;249 9.3.4.3;4.3 Temperature;250 9.3.4.4;4.4 Number of Hot and Icy Days;251 9.3.5;5 Conclusions;253 9.3.6;References;254 9.4;Chapter 17: The Role of Biofuels in the Sustainability of the Environment;256 9.4.1;1 Introduction;257 9.4.2;2 Features of Energy Consumption;257 9.4.3;3 The Environmental Protection Problem of the Increasing Energy Consumption;260 9.4.4;4 The International Situation of Utilization of Biofuels;262 9.4.5;5 Connection Between Food Supply, Biofuel Production and Environmental Protection;265 9.4.6;6 Doubts of Biofuel Utilization;266 9.4.7;7 Conclusions;266 9.4.8;References;267 9.5;Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency, Methane Output, Required Carbon Sequestration Area and Water Productivity in Extensive and Semi-intensive Beef Production in South America A Comparison of Ecological Currencies;268 9.5.1;1 Introduction;269 9.5.2;2 General Approach and Methods;270 9.5.2.1;2.1 Energy Efficiency and Methane Emissions;270 9.5.2.2;2.2 Shadow Area;271 9.5.2.3;2.3 Water Footprint;272 9.5.3;3 Results and Discussion;273 9.5.3.1;3.1 Energetic Efficiency and Methane Production;273 9.5.3.2;3.2 Shadow Area;275 9.5.3.3;3.3 Water Footprint;275 9.
5.4;4 Conclusions and Implications;276 9.5.5;References;277 9.6;Chapter 19: Biogas Energy From Agricultural By-Products: Energy Yields and Effects on Organic Farming Systems Compared with Energy Maize Cropping;279 9.6.1;1 Introduction and Goals;280 9.6.2;2 Material and Methods;280 9.6.2.1;2.1 Field Trial: Setting, Location, Climate;280 9.6.2.2;2.2 Digestion;281 9.6.2.3;2.3 Crop Rotations;281 9.6.2.3.1;2.3.1 Stockless Organic Farming;281 9.6.2.3.2;2.3.2 Organic Dairy Farming;281 9.6.2.4;2.4 Calculation of Attainable Energy Yields;282 9.6.3;3 Results;282 9.6.3.1;3.1 Substrates for Anaerobic Digestion;282 9.6.3.1.1;3.1.1 Stockless Organic Farming;282 9.6.3.1.2;3.1.2 Organic Dairy Farming;283 9.6.3.2;3.2 Energy Content of Substrates;284 9.6.3.3;3.3 Energy Yield Potential of the Whole Crop Rotations;284 9.6.4;4 Discussion;284 9.6.4.1;4.1 Trial Results of Energy Yields;284 9.6.4.2;4.2 Effects of Biogas Digestion on Farming Systems;285 9.6.4.2.1;4.2.1 Recovery of Nitrogen Derived from the Atmosphere by Symbiotic N2 Fixation;285 9.6.4.2.2;4.2.2 Decreasing of Nitrate Leaching Risk;285 9.6.4.2.3;4.2.3 Reduction of Trace Gas Emissions;285 9.6.4.2.4;4.2.4 Diversification of Crop Rotations by Cover Crops;286 9.6.4.2.5;4.2.5 Use of By-Products;286 9.6.4.2.6;4.2.6 Use of Problematic Biomass;286 9.6.4.3;4.3 Outlook: Factors Influencing the Future Development;287 9.6.4.3.1;4.3.1 Economic Points of View;287 9.6.4.3.2;4.3.2 Obstacles for Implementation;287 9.6.5;5 Conclusion;288 9.6.6;References;288 10;Part IV Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Relevant Experiences;290 10.1;Chapter 20: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Crisis in Sub-Sahara Africa;291 10.1.1;1 Introduction;291 10.1.2;2 Challenges of Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa;294 10.1.3;3 Trend in Food Consumption in Sub-Sahara Africa;296 10.1.3.1;3.1 Climatic Change;298 10.1.3.2;3.2 Weather Patterns and Drought Occurrence in Africa;299 10.1.3.3;3.3 Government Responses;299 10.1.3.4;3.4 Mitigation Potential of the Regio
n;300 10.1.3.5;3.5 Sub-Saharan Africas Market Share and Potential;301 10.1.3.6;3.6 Greenpeace Suggestions on Mitigation;302 10.1.4;4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations;302 10.1.5;References;304 10.2;Chapter 21: Soaring Food Prices and Africas Vulnerability and Responses;306 10.2.1;1 Introduction;306 10.2.2;2 Trends in Global Food Prices;308 10.2.2.1;2.1 Historical Perspective;308 10.2.2.2;2.2 Recent Trends in Food Prices;309 10.2.2.3;2.3 Drivers of Short-Term Trends;313 10.2.3;3 Cereal Vulnerability of African Countries;314 10.2.3.1;3.1 Africas Cereal Situation;314 10.2.3.2;3.2 Construction of a Vulnerability Index;315 10.2.3.3;3.3 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment;317 10.2.4;4 Implications of the Food Price Trends;319 10.2.4.1;4.1 Social Implications;319 10.2.4.2;4.2 Implications for Regional Trade and Foreign Investments;321 10.2.4.3;4.3 Implications for Policies;322 10.2.5;Box 21.1 Malawis Approach to Food Shortages;323 10.2.6;5 The African Development Banks Response;324 10.2.6.1;5.1 Short-Term Responses;324 10.2.6.2;5.2 Medium-to-Long Term Responses;325 10.2.7;6 Conclusion;326 10.2.8;Annex A. Food Consumption Shares (% of Total Expenditure);327 10.2.9;Annex B. Cereal Balance (Values in Million) (2007/2008);329 10.2.10;Annex C. Indicators of Vulnerability and Country Ranking;332 10.2.11;Annex D. Policy Measures Taken by Governments;335 10.2.12;References;337 10.3;Chapter 22: Significance of Vegetable Farming as a Strategy to Enhance Household Food Security in Communal Areas of Zimbabwe;338 10.3.1;1 Introduction;338 10.3.2;2 Location and Description of Study Area;339 10.3.3;3 Data Collection and Analysis;340 10.3.4;4 Results and Discussion;341 10.3.4.1;4.1 Motivating Factors;341 10.3.4.2;4.2 Farm Size and Location;342 10.3.4.3;4.3 Vegetables Grown and Output Levels;343 10.3.4.4;4.4 Strategies Used to Enhance Vegetable Productivity;343 10.3.4.5;4.5 Contribution of Vegetable Outputs to Dietary Diversity;344 10.3.4.6;4.6 Contribution of Vegetable Sales to H
ousehold Income;346 10.3.4.7;4.7 Use of Income from Vegetables by Households;347 10.3.4.8;4.8 Challenges Encountered by Households in Vegetable Farming and Marketing;348 10.3.5;5 Conclusion;348 10.3.6;6 Policy Considerations or Recommendations;348 10.3.7;References;349 10.4;Chapter 23: Changes in Agricultural Landscape: Some Ecological Implications for Sustainable Agriculture in Indian Punjab;350 10.4.1;1 Introduction;351 10.4.2;2 Objectives;351 10.4.3;3 Methodology;352 10.4.4;4 Results and Discussion;352 10.4.4.1;4.1 Trends Towards Specialized Farming;352 10.4.4.2;4.2 Indices of Crop Specialization/Diversification;354 10.4.4.3;4.3 Manifestation of Several Adverse Effects;354 10.4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Depletion of Ground Water Resources;354 10.4.4.3.2;4.3.2 Deteriorating Soil Fertility;355 10.4.4.3.3;4.3.3 High Use of Insecticides and Pesticides;355 10.4.4.3.4;4.3.4 Poisoning Food Commodities;357 10.4.4.3.5;4.3.5 Environmental Pollution;357 10.4.4.4;4.4 Resource Conserving Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture;357 10.4.4.5;4.5 Potential and Constraints for Increased Adoption of RCTS;360 10.4.4.6;4.6 Policy Options for Rapid Adoption of ResourceConservation Technologies;361 10.4.5;References;362 10.5;Chapter 24: Emerging Issues for the Formulation of Policy on Agri-Input Delivery System in Nigeria;363 10.5.1;1 Introduction;364 10.5.2;2 Primer of Agri-Input Policies;364 10.5.3;3 Background to Policy Interventions in Agri-Input Market;365 10.5.3.1;3.1 Policy Intervention Modes;365 10.5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Seed;365 10.5.3.1.2;3.1.2 Fertilizer;368 10.5.3.1.3;3.1.3 CPP;369 10.5.3.2;3.2 Lessons of Implementation Experience;369 10.5.4;4 Policy Formulation for Agri-Input Delivery;370 10.5.4.1;4.1 Process Approach;371 10.5.4.2;4.2 Articulation of Policy on Agri-Inputs Delivery;371 10.5.4.3;4.3 Formulation of Implementation Strategy for Agri-Inputs Delivery;372 10.5.5;5 Emerging Policy Issues and Optimal Resolution of Issues;372 10.5.5.1;5.1 Political Economy and Governance Issues;373 10.5.
5.2;5.2 Structural and Systemic Issues;373 10.5.6;6 Concluding Remarks;374 10.5.7;References;375 11;Postface;376 12;Notes on Contributors;378 13;Author Index;394 14;Subject Index;403
