The Krampus and the Old, Dark Christmas

Roots and rebirth of the Folkloric Devil that is gaining new traction in popular culture.

Table of Contents
Introduction: The Dead of Winter
Christmas wasn't always a time of peace and domestic coziness. In German-speaking lands, the Twelve Nights of Christmas were closer to Halloween.

Chapter 2: Gruß vom Krampus!
How America fell in love with the Krampus. Pop-culture Krampus. 19th-century Krampus postcards, featuring the iconic slogan, "Gruß vom Krampus," ("Greetings from the Krampus.") Similar figures in North Germany, Holland, France, etc.

Chapter 2: The Devil at the Door
Firsthand account of the Krampus in Austria. How the Krampus groups organize and conduct traditional house-visits with St. Nicholas. Details and history regarding masks and costumes.

Chapter 3: The Beast Pursues his Game
The Krampuslauf ("Krampus run") and modernizing influences. Issues of traditionalism, violence, alcohol, and gender involved in runs.

Chapter 4: The Church Breeds a Monster
Evolution of the Krampus from devils in medieval mystery plays. The surprisingly unruly Alpine Nikolausspiele ("Nicholas plays") and parades of 17th-18th century contribute to Krampus practice.

Chapter 5: Frau Perchta, Witches, Ghosts
The witch-goddess Frau Perchta or Frau Holda as folkloric leader of seasonal horde of lost souls, ghosts, or demons, sometimes called Perchten. Frau Perchta and her Perchten as forerunners of Krampus custom.

Chapter 6: The Haunted Season
The Krampus' native habitat is the season between St. Martin's Day and Epiphany haunted by the Nußmärtel ("Nut Martin") a sooty-faced, bearded character with a whip, the Bärbele, moss- faced crone-like characters carrying switches on St. Barbara's Day, a "Bloody" St. Thomas and sickle wielding St. Lucy.

Chapter 7: The Perchten, Ancient Spirits of the Alps?
Perchten are largely indistinguishable from the Krampus but appear during the Twelve Nights, particularly Epiphany Eve. Perchten runs described, including oldest in Bad Gastein dating to 1730. A few theories as to why Perchten do what they do.

Chapter 8: American Krampus: Return of the Old, Dark Christmas
Immigrant Krampus traditions in American backwoods. Krampus' in German Brazil. American's old, dangerous Christmas