GMO Food

GMO Food: A Reference Handbook offers an in-depth discussion of genetically modified food. It covers the history of, opposition to, regulation of, and labeling of genetic modifications, along with the potential benefits and harm involved.
GMO Food: A Reference Handbook is intended to serve as a research guide for young adults in high school and beyond. Students at all grade levels should be able to use the book as an introduction to the history of genetic engineering of organisms and the use of this technology for the development of new forms of crops and foods.

They will learn briefly about historic methods of plant and animal modification (such as cross-breeding) and, in more detail, how discoveries since the late nineteenth century have greatly changed the process of plant and animal modification. These discoveries include important steps forward in genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic engineering, and related fields. They will also learn about the variety of social, political, philosophical, economic, and other issues that have arisen alongside these scientific advances, as well as about some of the laws, regulations, and other solutions that have been developed for dealing with the range of attitudes about genetically modified foods. The second edition covers developments since 2014.

Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition

1. Background and History
Hybridization
The Birth of Genetics
The Gene
The Process of Genetic Engineering
Concerns about rDNA Researc
History of rDNA Regulation
Breakthroughs in rDNA Research
Genetically Modified Animals
Technical Problems
Regulatory Issues
Genetically Modified Plants
Bt Crops
Types of Genetically Modified Plants
Conclusion
References

2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Opposition to Genetically Modified Foods in the United States
Public Opinion on Genetically Modified Foods
Public Opinion in the United States
Public Opinion in Europe
Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops and Foods
Regulation in the United States
Regulation in the European Union
Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods
The Labeling Issue in the EU
The Labeling Issue in the United States
GMO Regulations Worldwide
Genetically Modified Crops and Foods: Pros and Cons
Agricultural System
Potential Benefits
Potential Harm
Human Health
Potential Benefits
Potential Harm
The Natural Environment
Potential Benefits
Potential Harm
Potential Social and Economic Harm
Conclusion
References

3. Perspectives
Introduction
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture: Uncertainties and Risks, Debal Deb
The Case for Teaching Food in Schools, Yussra MT Ebrahim
Improving Crops with CRISPR, Phill Jones
In the Know: Genetically Modified Foods, Rashmi Nemade
Genetically Modified Organisms, Tony Owen
GMO Foods in Developing Countries, Santosh Pandey
Labeling Bioengineered Foods: Theory vs. Reality, Ellen Rubin
Genetically Modified Crops in Africa: Fear of the Unknown? , Elizabeth Shoo
Accepting Genetically Modified Crops in India, Sweta
A Growing World Demands New Food Technology, Susan Young

4. Profiles
Introduction
Biotechnology Regulatory Services
Biotechnology Innovation Organization
José Bové (1953-)
Herbert Boyer (1936-)
Canadian Biotechnology Action Network
Center for Food Safety
Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968-)
Mary-Dell Chilton (1939-)
Stanley N. Cohen (1935-)
CropLife International
Jennifer Doudna (1964-)
Food & Water Watch
Robert T. Fraley (1953-)
John E. Franz (1929-)
Dennis Gonsalves (1943-)
Greenpeace International
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications
Steve Lindow (1951-)
Mark Lynas (1973-)
Monsanto (Bayer Crop Science)
Non-GMO Project
Ingo Potrykus (1933-)
Maxine Singer (1931-)
Marc van Montagu (1933-)
World Health Organization

5. Data and Documents
Introduction
Data
Table 5. 1. Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States, 2000-19 (percent of all planted crop; all genetically engineered varieties)
Table 5. 2. Number of Releases of Genetically Engineered Organism Varieties Approved by APHIS, 1985-2013
Table 5. 3. Total Number of GMO Crop Releases Approved by APHIS, to 2013
Table 5. 4. Number of Releases Approved by APHIS by Genetic Trait, to 2013
Table 5. 5. Prevalence of Bt IR and Stacked Gene Crops in U. S. Agriculture, 2000-19 (percentage of each crop)
Documents
Plant Patent Act of 1930
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U. S. 303 (1980)
Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology (1986)
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000)
Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods by the European Union (2003)
Mendocino County (California) Ban on Genetically Modified Crops (2004/2019)
The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods, GAO Report (2002)
Invoking of Preemption (North Dakota, SB2277; 2005)
Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U. S. 139 (2010)
Bowman v. Monsanto, et al. , 569 U. S. 11-796 (2013)
National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (Public Law 114-216) (2016)
National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (2018)
Regulation of Gene-Editing Technology (2018)

6. Resources
Books
Articles
Reports
Internet Sources

7. Chronology

Glossary
Index