Syringomyelia

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Definitions of Cord Cavitations.- 1.2 History of Syringomyelia.- 1.2.1 Review of Pathophysiological Hypotheses.- 1.2.1.1 Dysraphic Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.2 Neoplastic Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.3 Inflammatory Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.4 Ischemic Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.5 Hematomyelic Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.6 Secretory Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.7 Transudation Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.8 Hydrodynamic Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.9 Pressure Dissociation Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.10 Transmedullary Hypothesis.- 1.2.1.11 Edema Hypothesis.- References.- 2 The Pathophysiology of Syringomyelia.- 2.1 Anatomical Background.- 2.2 Fluid Movements in the Extracellular and Subarachnoid Spaces.- 2.3 Tethered Cord and Extracellular Space.- 2.4 Pathophysiological Concept.- 2.5 Disorders Associated with Syringomyelia.- References.- 3 Syringomyelia Associated with Diseases at the Craniocervical Junction.- 3.1 Chiari Malformations.- 3.1.1 Clinical Presentation.- 3.1.2 Neuroradiology.- 3.1.2.1 Craniocervical Junction.- 3.1.2.2 Spine and Spinal Cord.- 3.1.3 Neurophysiology.- 3.1.4 Surgical Management.- 3.1.4.1 Hydrocephalus and Chiari Malformation.- 3.1.4.2 Decompression for Chiari I Malformation.- 3.1.4.3 Decompression for Chiari II Malformation.- 3.1.4.4 Basilar Invagination and Chiari Malformation.- 3.1.4.5 Craniocervical Instability and Chiari Malformation.- 3.1.4.6 Degenerative Changes of the Spine and Chiari Malformation.- 3.1.5 Postoperative Outcome.- 3.1.5.1 Complications.- 3.1.5.2 Radiological Results for Chiari I Malformation.- 3.1.5.3 Clinical Results for Chiari I Malformation.- 3.1.5.4 Postoperative Results for Chiari II Malformation.- 3.1.6 Management of Clinical Recurrences of Chiari Malformations.- 3.1.7 Conclusions for Patients with Chiari Malformations.- References.- 3.2 Rhombencephalic Malformations.- 3.2.1 Dandy-Walker Malformation.- 3.2.2 Atresia of Foramina of Luschka and Magendie.- References.- 3.3 Foramen Magnum Arachnoiditis.- 3.3.1 Clinical Presentation.- 3.3.2 Neuroradiology.- 3.3.3 Surgical Management.- 3.3.4 Postoperative Outcome.- References.- 3.4 Intracranial Tumors.- References.- 4 Syringomyelia Associated with Diseases of the Spinal Canal.- 4.1 Syringomyelia Related to Spinal Arachnoid Scarring.- 4.1.1 Clinical Presentation.- 4.1.1.1 Posttraumatic Syringomyelia.- 4.1.1.2 Postinflammatory Syringomyelia.- 4.1.2 Neuroradiology.- 4.1.3 Neurophysiology.- 4.1.4 Surgical Management.- 4.1.4.1 Arachnolysis and Decompression of the Spinal Canal.- 4.1.4.2 Surgical Strategy for Patients with Additional Degenerative Spinal Disease, Kyphotic Angulations, or Spinal Instabilities.- 4.1.4.3 Implantation of a Syrinx Shunt.- 4.1.5 Postoperative Outcome.- 4.1.5.1 Complications.- 4.1.5.2 Radiological Results.- 4.1.5.3 Clinical Results.- 4.1.6 Management of Clinical Recurrences of Spinal Arachnoid Scarring.- 4.1.7 Conclusions for Patients with Spinal Arachnoid Scarring.- References.- 4.2 Syringomyelia Related to Tumors of the Spinal Canal.- 4.2.1 Intramedullary Tumors.- 4.2.1.1 Clinical Presentation.- 4.2.2.2 Neuroradiology.- 4.2.1.3 Surgical Management159.- 4.2.1.4 Postoperative Outcome.- 4.2.2 Extramedullary and Epidural Tumors.- References.- 4.3 Syringomyelia Related to Spinal Dysraphism.- 4.3.1 Clinical Presentation.- 4.3.2 Neuroradiology.- 4.3.3 Surgical Management.- 4.3.4 Postoperative Outcome.- References.- 4.4 Syringomyelia Related to Diseases of the Spine.- 4.4.1 Degenerative Diseases.- 4.4.2 Spinal Scoliosis.- References.