This book presents cutting edge research on the basic neurobiology of parental behavior as it relates to behavioral disorders, including postpartum depression, anxiety, and inadequate parental bonding to infants. Internationally recognized basic and clinical researchers present new research findings in humans and animals that elucidate the roles of the brain, physiological state, genes and environment in maternal and paternal care. By bridging the gap between basic and clinical research, new understandings of how the biology of the brain and the reproductive state of the parent impact their mental health and the successful rearing of young emerge.
- Presents the neural network of motherhood based on fundamental and functional MRI studies of parental care - from rodents to humans
- Discusses the role of gene-environment interactions in parenting
- Offers parenting strategies and priorities in raising young
- Discusses maternal defense - the neurobiology of maternal protection
- Examines the significance and underlying causes of postpartum depression
- Discusses parenting and anxiety - neurobiological basis for reductions during the postpartum period
- Also includes the neurobiology of fatherhood - a fresh evolutionary and biological perspective on paternal behavior
- Presents information on maternal neuroplasticity - how reproductive history changes the maternal brain
- Translates research - internationally renowned researchers' insights into common factors that regulate mammalian parenting
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;FRONT COVER;1 2;NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE PARENTAL BRAIN;4 3;COPYRIGHT PAGE;5 4;CONTENTS;8 5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;22 6;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;24 7;PARENTING AND THE BRAIN: AN OVERVIEW;30 8;PART I: THE NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOR;38 8.1;Chapter 1 Hypothalamic Interaction with the Mesolimbic Dopamine System and the Regulation of Maternal Responsiveness;40 8.1.1;Introduction;40 8.1.2;Virgin Sensitization and the Hormonal Basis of Rodent Maternal Behavior;41 8.1.3;The Medial Preoptic Area and Maternal Motivation;42 8.1.4;A Proposed Neural Model;45 8.1.5;Anatomical Evidence for an MPOA-to-VTA Connection Relevant to Maternal Behavior;46 8.1.6;The Mesolimbic DA System and Maternal Behavior;48 8.1.7;MPOA Interaction with the VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit and Maternal Behavior;51 8.1.8;Activation of Dopaminergic Neural Systems Stimulates the Onset of Maternal Behavior in Rats;53 8.1.9;Oxytocin and the MPOA-to-VTA-to-NA-to-VP Circuit;55 8.2;Chapter 2 Neural Substrates Involved in the Onset of Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity in Sheep;60 8.2.1;Hormonal and Sensory Determinants of Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity;61 8.2.1.1;Maternal Responsiveness;61 8.2.1.2;Maternal Selectivity;62 8.2.2;Neural Networks Involved in Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity;63 8.2.2.1;Maternal Responsiveness;63 8.2.2.2;Maternal Selectivity;65 8.2.3;Influence of Maternal Experience on Neural Networks Involved in Maternal Responsiveness and Selectivity;67 8.2.4;Conclusion;69 8.3;Chapter 3 Maternal Motivation and its Neural Substrate Across the Postpartum Period;76 8.3.1;Definitions and Measures of Maternal Motivation;77 8.3.2;Portrait of Maternal Motivation During the Progression of the Postpartum Period;78 8.3.3;Coordinating Changes in Maternal Motivation and Behavior Across the Postpartum Period;81 8.3.4;Possible Factors Underlying Changes in Maternal State as the Postpartum Period Progresses;82 8.3.5;Neural Substrate of Maternal Motivation;88 8.4;Chapter 4 Imaging the Maternal Rat Bra
in;98 8.4.1;Introduction;98 8.4.2;Imaging the Neural Response to Pup Suckling;99 8.4.3;Imaging the Reinforcing Nature of Pup Suckling;100 8.4.4;Sensory Cortex Representation of the Maternal Ventrum and Nipple;103 8.4.5;Comparison of Suckling vs. Oxytocin Stimulated Brain Activity;105 8.4.6;Final Summary;108 8.5;Chapter 5 Maternal Choices: Neural Mediation Caring for Young or Hunting?;112 8.5.1;Balancing Maternal Care and Foraging During Lactation;112 8.5.2;The Role of Opioids;112 8.5.3;Hormonal Mediation;116 8.5.4;Interaction of CCK and Opioids Controlling Maternal Behavior;117 8.6;Chapter 6 Imaging the Human Parental Brain;120 8.6.1;Brain Imaging of Human ParentInfant Relationships;120 8.6.2;The Neurobiology of Healthy Empathy and Parenting;120 8.6.2.1;Parental Brains and Baby Cry Stimuli;122 8.6.2.2;Parental Brains and Baby Visual Stimuli;127 8.6.3;Special Parent Populations for Imaging;131 8.6.4;Summary and Model;132 8.6.5;Future Directions;134 9;PART II: ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE PARENTING;138 9.1;Chapter 7 Role of Corticotrophin Releasing Factor-Related Peptides in the Neural Regulation of Maternal Defense;140 9.1.1;Background on Maternal Defense;140 9.1.2;Why Study Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)-Related Peptides? Possible Common Roles in Anxiety and Defense Changes During Lactation;141 9.1.3;Effects of CRF-Related Peptides on Maternal Defense;142 9.1.4;Maternal Aggression in CRFR1 and CRFR2 Knockout Mice;143 9.1.5;Effect of Stress on Maternal Defense;144 9.1.6;Gene Array Studies on High Maternal Defense Mice;145 9.1.7;Association of Fear and Anxiety Pathways with Maternal Defense Regulation;145 9.1.8;Advantages of Linking Central Stress-Related Pathways with Maternal Defense;146 9.1.9;Future Directions;148 9.2;Chapter 8 Maternal Stress Adaptations Peripartum: Mom's Innate Anxiety Determines Maternal Care and Aggression;152 9.2.1;Changes in HPA Axis Responsiveness Peripartum;152 9.2.2;Mechanisms of Blunted HPA Axis Response;153 9.2.2.1;Lack of Excitatory N
oradrenergic and Opioid Neurotransmission;153 9.2.2.2;Involvement of Intracerebral OXT and PRL;153 9.2.3;Alterations in Emotionality Peripartum: Involvement of OXT and PRL;155 9.2.4;Maternal Behavior and Aggression: Link to Mom's Anxiety;155 9.2.4.1;Are High Anxiety Dams (HAB) Better Mothers? Differences in Maternal Care;156 9.2.4.2;HAB Dams Care More Even Under Stressful Conditions;157 9.2.4.3;HAB Dams are More Aggressive During Maternal Defense;158 9.2.4.4;Brain OXT Mediates Maternal Aggression in HAB Dams;158 9.2.5;Importance of Maternal Adaptations Peripartum for Maternal Mental Health;160 9.2.5.1;Chronic Pregnancy Stress: Effects on Adaptations in Lactation;160 9.2.5.2;Early Life Stress: Effects on Lactation-Associated Adaptations in Female Offspring;160 9.3;Chapter 9 Role of Prolactin in the Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Stress Adaptations During Lactation;168 9.3.1;Introduction;168 9.3.2;PRL Sources and PRL Receptors;168 9.3.2.1;Pituitary PRL;168 9.3.2.2;Placental PRL and Placental Lactogens;168 9.3.2.3;Brain PRL;169 9.3.2.4;Presence of PRL-Rs in the Brain;169 9.3.3;Actions of PRL in the Brain;170 9.3.4;Contribution of the Brain PRL System to Stress-Related Adaptations in the Peripartum Period;170 9.3.4.1;Activation of the Brain PRL System Peripartum;170 9.3.4.2;Endogenous Release of Brain PRL;171 9.3.4.3;Involvement of PRL in Stress Regulation;172 9.3.4.4;Regulation of Anxiety by PRL in Virgin Females;172 9.3.4.5;PRL Effects on Anxiety in Lactating Females;173 9.3.4.6;Effects of PRL on Neuroendocrine Stress Responses;173 9.3.4.7;Inhibitory Action of PRL on the HPA Axis Reactivity in Virgin Female Rats;173 9.3.4.8;Effect of PRL on the HPA Axis Reactivity in Lactating Females;173 9.3.4.9;Effects on OXT System Reactivity;174 9.3.5;Conclusions;175 9.4;Chapter 10 MotherInfant Touch, Neurochemistry, and Postpartum Anxiety;182 9.4.1;Oxytocin;184 9.4.2;GABA;186 9.4.3;Norepinephrine;188 9.4.4;Conclusions;190 9.5;Chapter 11 The Role of the Brain Serotonergic System in
the Origin and Transmission of Adaptive and Maladaptive Variations in Maternal Behavior in Rhesus Macaques;200 9.5.1;Introduction;200 9.5.2;Brain Serotonin and Naturally Occurring Variation in Primate Maternal Behavior;201 9.5.3;Serotonin and Maternal Behavior;204 9.6;Chapter 12 Postpartum Depression: The Clinical Disorder and Application of PET Imaging Research Methods;212 9.6.1;PART I: The Clinical Disorder;212 9.6.1.1;Introduction;212 9.6.1.2;Definition of PPD;212 9.6.1.3;The Antenatal Window of Opportunity;213 9.6.1.4;Psychosocial Context of Pregnancy;213 9.6.1.5;Pregnancy Does Not Protect Women from Depression;214 9.6.1.6;Postpartum Blues;214 9.6.1.7;PPD;214 9.6.1.8;Postpartum Anxiety Disorders;216 9.6.1.9;Postpartum Psychosis;217 9.6.1.10;Screening for Perinatal Depression;218 9.6.1.11;Treatment of Perinatal Depression;218 9.6.1.11.1;RiskBenefit Decision-Making Process;218 9.6.1.11.2;Non-pharmacologic Strategies;218 9.6.1.11.3;Antidepressant Medications;218 9.6.1.11.4;Mood Stabilizer Medications;219 9.6.1.12;Conclusion;220 9.6.2;PART II: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Postpartum Depression;221 9.6.2.1;Overview;221 9.6.2.2;Synthesis of Extant CNS Studies of PPD;221 9.6.2.3;A Neuroendocrine Model of PPD;222 9.6.2.4;Serotonin-1A Receptor System;223 9.6.2.5;Dopamine-2 Receptor System;224 9.6.2.6;PET Methods;225 9.6.2.6.1;5HT1A Receptor System;225 9.6.2.6.2;D2 Receptor System;225 9.6.2.7;Consideration of Risks to Mother and Infant During PET Imaging;226 9.6.2.7.1;Radioactivity Exposure;226 9.6.2.7.2;Arterial Cannulation;226 9.6.2.7.3;Delay to Treatment;226 9.6.2.8;Sample Selection and Sampling Issues;226 9.6.2.8.1;Psychiatric Factors;226 9.6.2.8.2;Age and Endocrine Factors;227 9.6.2.8.3;Comparison Group;227 9.6.2.9;Summary;227 10;PART III: NEUROENDOCRINE ADAPTATIONS OF PARENTING: PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND OFFSPRING;238 10.1;Chapter 13 Bringing Forth the Next Generation and the Next;240 10.1.1;Introduction;240 10.1.2;Neuroendocrine Stress Responses;242 10.1.3;Placen
tal Barrier;242 10.1.4;Maternal HPA Axis Hyporesponsiveness to Stress in Late Pregnancy;243 10.1.5;Maternal Sympathetic and Adrenomedullary Responses to Stress in Pregnancy;244 10.1.6;Desire for a Family;244 10.1.7;Drug Abuse;245 10.1.7.1;Cigarettes and Alcohol;245 10.1.7.2;Opiates and Cocaine;246 10.1.7.3;Cannabis;246 10.1.8;Social Stress;246 10.1.9;Modeling Prenatal Social Stress;247 10.1.9.1;Pig Model of Prenatal Social Stress;247 10.1.9.2;Rat Model of Prenatal Social Stress;250 10.1.10;Conclusion;251 10.2;Chapter 14 Fast Delivery: A Central Role for Oxytocin;262 10.2.1;Introduction;262 10.2.2;Oxytocin: Perinatal Release and Action in the Brain;262 10.2.2.1;Sources of Oxytocin;262 10.2.2.2;Perinatal Oxytocin Release Patterns;263 10.2.3;Endogenous Oxytocin Effects in the Brain;264 10.2.3.1;Oxytocin: Perinatal Action in the Hypothalamus;264 10.2.4;Availability of Extracellular Oxytocin in the Brain;265 10.2.5;Perinatal Distribution Density and Activation of oxytocin receptor;265 10.2.6;Conclusion;269 10.3;Chapter 15 Biological and Mathematical Modeling Approaches to Defining the Role of Oxytocin and Dopamine in the Control of Mating-Induced PRL Secretion;272 10.3.1;Introduction;272 10.3.2;Neural Sites Controlling Mating-Induced PRL Secretion;273 10.3.3;Neuroendocrine Control of Mating-Induced PRL Secretion;274 10.3.4;The Mathematical Model;274 10.3.5;Genesis of the PRL Rhythm;276 10.3.6;Daily VIP Pulse Sets the Phase of the PRL Rhythm;276 10.3.7;Mathematical Modeling Suggests an Explanation for the OT-Induced PRL Rhythm;277 10.3.8;Mathematical Modeling of the Effects of an OT Antagonist;279 10.3.9;Conclusions;281 10.4;Chapter 16 Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy and Lactation;286 10.4.1;Introduction;286 10.4.2;Metabolic Adaptations to Pregnancy and Lactation;287 10.4.2.1;Reductions in Energy Expenditure;287 10.4.2.2;Increased Assimilation and Storage of Nutrients;288 10.4.2.3;Changes in Partitioning of Nutrients;289 10.4.2.4;Ingestive Beha
vior in Pregnancy and Lactation;289 10.4.2.5;Adaptations of Neural Pathways Controlling Food Intake;290 10.4.3;Role of Prolactin in the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation;293 10.4.3.1;Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Rats;293 10.4.3.2;Patterns of Prolactin Secretion in Pregnant and Lactating Women;295 10.4.3.3;Prolactin Receptors are Expressed in the Brain;295 10.4.4;Prolactin and the Metabolic Adaptations of Pregnancy and Lactation;297 10.4.4.1;Peripheral Actions of Prolactin on Metabolism;297 10.4.4.2;Prolactin Stimulates Food Intake;298 10.4.5;Conclusion;299 10.5;Chapter 17 The Energetics of Parenting in an Avian Model: Hormonal and Neurochemical Regulation of Parental Provisioning in Doves;306 10.5.1;Introduction;306 10.5.1.1;Energetics of Incubation;307 10.5.1.2;Energetics of Nestling Care;308 10.5.1.3;Role of Prolactin in Parental Provisioning;310 10.5.1.4;Sites of Prolactin Action in Promoting Parental Provisioning in Doves;312 10.5.1.5;Appetitive and Consummatory Aspects of Parental Provisioning Behavior;313 10.5.1.6;The Neurochemistry and Neuroendocrinology of Parental Hyperphagia in Doves;316 10.5.2;Summary and Conclusions;323 10.6;Chapter 18 Maternal Fat Intake and Offspring Brain Development: Focus on the Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic System;330 10.6.1;Introduction;330 10.6.2;Development of the Mesocorticolimbic DA System;331 10.6.3;Consequences of Perinatal Maternal Fat Intake on DA Function in the Adult Offspring;332 10.6.4;Metabolic Factors Affecting DA Function;334 10.6.5;Specific Fatty Acids Intake and Modulation of Neurotransmitter Functions;335 10.6.6;Conclusions;337 11;PART IV: MATERNAL CARE: FROM GENES TO ENVIRONMENT;342 11.1;Chapter 19 Maternal Influence on Offspring Reproductive Behavior: Implications for Transgenerational Effects;344 11.1.1;Maternal Influence on the Developing Embryo;345 11.1.2;Maternal Influence on the Developing Fetus;345 11.1.3;Postnatal Maternal Influence on Developing Offspring;346
11.1.4;Transmission of Maternal Influence Across Generations in Mammals;347 11.1.5;Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transmission;348 11.1.6;Conclusion;349 11.2;Chapter 20 Parent-of-Origin Effects on Parental Behavior;356 11.2.1;Reciprocal Hybrids;356 11.2.2;Genomic Imprinting;358 11.2.3;Maternal Effects;360 11.2.4;Paternal Effects;363 11.2.5;Sex Chromosomes;364 11.2.6;Conclusion;365 11.3;Chapter 21 Oxytocin and Individual Variation in Parental Care in Prairie Voles;370 11.3.1;Parental Behavior in Prairie Voles;370 11.3.2;Oxytocin and Maternal Care;371 11.3.3;OT Receptor Density in the NA and LS and Variability in Maternal Care;372 11.3.4;OT Facilitates Maternal Responses in Prairie Voles;376 11.3.5;What Mechanisms Generate Diversity in OTR and Parental Responsiveness?;377 11.4;Chapter 22 Dopamine Regulation of Pair Bonding in Monogamous Prairie Voles;384 11.4.1;Introduction;384 11.4.2;The Vole Model for Comparative Studies;385 11.4.3;The Prairie Vole and Pair Bonding;386 11.4.4;DA Neuroanatomy and Intracellular Signaling;387 11.4.5;DA Involvement in Pair Bonding;389 11.4.6;DANeurochemical Interactions and Pair-Bonding Behavior;390 11.4.7;DA Involvement in Natural and Drug Reward;391 11.4.8;Implications of the Vole Model for Human Mental Health;392 11.5;Chapter 23 Social Memory, Maternal Care, and Oxytocin Secretion, but not Vasopressin Release, Require CD38 in Mice;398 11.5.1;Introduction;398 11.5.2;Defects in Maternal Nurturing in CD38[sup(/)] Mice;399 11.5.3;Amnesia in Social Memory in CD38[sup(/)] Male Mice;401 11.5.4;Plasma OT and Vasopressin Levels;401 11.5.5;Rescue by Injection of OT or CD38 Re-expression;401 11.5.6;CD38 Expression and Enzyme Activity;404 11.5.7;OT Secretion and CA[sup(2+)] Transients In Vitro;406 11.5.8;CD38'S Role in OT-Mediated Social Recognition and Maternal Behavior;408 11.6;Chapter 24 Oxytocin and Mothers' Developmental Effects on their Daughters;414 11.6.1;Introductory Background and Concepts;414 11.6.2;Maternal Effects on Mouse Daughte
rs;415 11.6.3;OT Selectively Enhances Pup Licking (PL) and Kyphotic Nursing (KN);417 11.6.4;PL and KN Influence OT Receptor Expression in the Brains of Adult Female Offspring;419 11.6.5;Postnatal OT Activity Influences Adult Maternal Behavior;420 11.6.6;Maternal Behavior Regulation of OT Activity in the Female Pup Brain;421 11.6.7;A Model of OT Involvement in Mothers' Developmental Effects on Their Daughters: Clinical Implications;422 11.7;Chapter 25 Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of Mothering and Fathering;428 11.7.1;Strategies for Understanding the Mechanisms of Mothering and Fathering;428 11.7.1.1;Studies Examining Genetic Influences on Parenting;428 11.7.1.2;Genetic Influences on Parenting: rGE;429 11.7.1.3;Genetic Influences on Parenting: Child's Genes and Parent's Genes;430 11.7.1.4;Genetic and Environmental Influences on Parenting: Developmental Considerations;431 11.7.1.5;Parent-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting;431 11.7.1.6;Child-Based Genetic Influences on Parenting;433 11.7.1.7;Environmental Influences on Parenting;434 11.7.1.8;Integrating Theory and Knowledge from RCT Studies of Parenting with Genetic Studies of Parenting;435 12;PART V: THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF PATERNAL CARE;442 12.1;Chapter 26 Cooperative Breeding and the Paradox of Facultative Fathering;444 12.1.1;Introduction: Primate MaleInfant Involvement;444 12.1.2;The Human Case;445 12.1.3;Variability in Paternal Care;446 12.1.4;The Importance of Allomaternal Care;447 12.1.5;Maternal Bet-Hedging;448 12.1.6;Circumstances Favorable to Eliciting Male Care;449 12.1.7;Flexibility of Human Families;451 12.2;Chapter 27 Early Experience and the Developmental Programming of Oxytocin and Vasopressin;454 12.2.1;Introduction;454 12.2.2;Background on Oxytocin and Vasopressin;454 12.2.3;Similarities of Function Between OT and AVP;455 12.2.4;Effects of Early Handling in Prairie Voles;456 12.2.5;Early Experience also Alters Subsequent Behavior and Measures of OT and the OTRs;457 12.2.6;Intergeneration
al Effects of Early Experience;457 12.2.7;The Consequences of Early Experience for Peptide Receptors;458 12.2.8;Developmental Manipulations of Oxytocin;458 12.2.9;Immediate or Short-Term Effects of Neonatal OT or OTA;458 12.2.9.1;Neural Activation Following Neonatal Treatment;458 12.2.9.2;Behavioral and Endocrine Changes in Neonates;459 12.2.10;Long-Term Effects of Neonatal OT and OTA;459 12.2.10.1;Alloparental Behavior, Sociality, and Reproduction in Males;459 12.2.10.2;Social Behavior in Females;459 12.2.10.3;Neonatal OTA in Females;460 12.2.11;Effects on Neonatal OT or OTA on Brain Hormones and Receptors;460 12.2.11.1;Effects on Brain Peptides;460 12.2.11.2;Effects on Peptide Receptors;461 12.2.11.3;Neonatal Manipulations of AVP also Affect Subsequent Social Behaviors;462 12.2.11.4;Early Exposure to Gonadal Steroids Facilitates the Response of Adult Male Prairie Voles to Exogenous AVP;463 12.2.11.5;Estrogen Receptors also Affected by Neonatal OT or OTA;463 12.2.12;Effects of Neonatal OT or/and OTA in Rats;463 12.2.12.1;Reproductive and Endocrine Effects;463 12.2.12.2;Cardiovascular and Autonomic Effects of Neonatal OT;464 12.2.13;Sex Differences;464 12.2.14;Developmental Signaling Consequences of Neuropeptides;464 12.2.15;Early Experience in the Context of Natural History;465 12.2.16;Translational Implications of Perinatal Manipulations of OT;467 12.3;Chapter 28 The Effects of Paternal Behavior on Offspring Aggression and Hormones in the Biparental California Mouse;472 12.3.1;Associations Between Paternal Behavior and Male Offspring Aggression;473 12.3.2;Do Males and Females Play Different Roles in Shaping Aggression of Future Generations?;474 12.3.3;Is There Species Variation in the Effects of Maternal and Paternal Behavior on Offspring Aggression?;476 12.3.4;Can Alterations in Parental Huddling and Grooming Toward Offspring Cause Changes in Offspring Aggression and Is This Mediated Through Vasopressin?;477 12.3.5;Is Testosterone a Missing Link for Transmission
of Aggression Across Generations?;479 12.3.6;Summary;481 12.4;Chapter 29 Fathers Behaving Badly: The Role of Progesterone Receptors;486 12.4.1;Introduction: Progesterone and Its Receptors;486 12.4.2;Progesterone Actions in the Brain;486 12.4.3;Progesterone Receptor Knockout Animals;488 12.4.4;Paternal Behavior;489 12.4.5;Progesterone, Mating Behavior, and Anxiety;492 12.4.6;Does the Absence or Pharmacological Blockade of PRs Simply Mimic the Peripartum Hormonal Milieu?;493 12.4.7;Summary;494 12.5;Chapter 30 Family Life in Marmosets: Causes and Consequences of Variation in CareGiving;498 12.5.1;Introduction;498 12.5.2;A Primer on Marmoset Social Structure;499 12.5.3;Endocrine Correlates of Variation in Parental Care;500 12.5.3.1;Androgens and Variation in Maternal Care;503 12.5.4;Genetic Chimerism and Evocative Genetic Effects on Parental Care;504 12.5.5;Consequences of Variation in Early Parental Care;508 12.5.5.1;Impact of Variation in Early Care on Baseline HPA Function and Pubertal Maturation;508 12.5.5.2;Differential Early Care and Somatic Development in Marmosets;509 12.5.5.3;Differential Early Care and Stress Reactivity in Juvenile Marmosets;509 12.5.6;Summary;511 13;PART VI: REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE: MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR;516 13.1;Chapter 31 The Neuroeconomics of Motherhood: The Costs and Benefits of Maternal Investment;518 13.1.1;Foraging Response Strategies;519 13.1.2;Risk Assessment: Behavioral Venture Capitalism;522 13.1.3;Strengthening the Behavioral Response Infrastructure;523 13.1.4;The Motherhood-Induced Neuron-Network Effect;524 13.1.5;Comparative Models of Parental Neuroeconomics;526 13.1.6;Summary and Conclusions;526 13.2;Chapter 32 The Role of Reproductive Experience on Hippocampal Function and Plasticity;530 13.2.1;Introduction;530 13.2.2;The Hippocampus and Motherhood;532 13.2.3;Hippocampus-Dependent Spatial Learning and Memory Performance in the Mother;532 13.2.4;Hippocampal Plasticity in the Mother;535 13.2.5;Enhanced Spatial Memo
ry and Decreased Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology in the Mother;538 13.2.6;Enhanced Spatial Memory and Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Mother;539 13.2.7;Persistence of Improved Spatial Memory with Motherhood;539 13.2.8;Altered Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis With and Without Pup Exposure;540 13.2.9;Possible Role of Corticosterone in Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Mother;540 13.2.10;Possible Role of Peptide Hormones on the Hippocampus of the Mother;541 13.2.11;Conclusions;541 13.3;Chapter 33 Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Adaptations Following Reproductive Experience in the Female Rat;546 13.3.1;Introduction;546 13.3.2;Reproductive Experience and Circulating Hormones;546 13.3.3;Reproductive Experience and Anxiety-Like Behavior;547 13.3.4;Reproductive Experience, Aging and Anxiety-Like Behavior;549 13.3.5;Influence of Pregnancy and Mothering on Pup-Induced Shifts in Anxiety-Like Behavior;550 13.3.6;Reproductive Experience and Maternal Aggression;551 13.3.7;Summary;552 13.4;Chapter 34 Plasticity in the Maternal Neural Circuit: Experience, Dopamine, and Mothering;556 13.4.1;Introduction;556 13.4.2;The Wanting System: What Motivates a Mother to Mother in the First Place?;556 13.4.2.1;Maternal Affect;556 13.4.2.2;Maternal Experience and Memory Parity Effects;557 13.4.2.3;Maternal Hedonics and Reward;558 13.4.3;The Doing System: What Determines the Quality of Mothers' Nurturant Behavior?;561 13.4.3.1;Maternal Attention and Sensitivity;561 13.4.4;Neuroanatomy of Maternal Behavior;562 13.4.5;DA and Mothering;563 13.4.5.1;Mesolimbic System and the Nucleus Accumbens;563 13.4.5.2;Mesocortical System and mPFC;565 13.4.6;Conclusion;566 14;INDEX;574 14.1;A;574 14.2;B;575 14.3;C;575 14.4;D;576 14.5;E;577 14.6;F;577 14.7;G;577 14.8;H;578 14.9;I;578 14.10;J;578 14.11;K;578 14.12;L;578 14.13;M;579 14.14;N;580 14.15;O;581 14.16;P;582 14.17;Q;584 14.18;R;584 14.19;S;585 14.20;T;585 14.21;U;585 14.22;V;585 14.23;W;586 14.24;Z;586 15;COLOR PLATES;5
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