Thyroid, Diabetes and Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, thyroid disorders and diabetes can be considered the new pandemics of the century. Despite the important social impact of these diseases, osteoporosis (but unfortunately also diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders) is often underestimated and mismanaged.

There are several associative and pathogenetic links between functional alterations of the thyroid, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Autoimmunity is present in type 1 diabetes and LADA as well as in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

A reduced basal metabolic rate and an increased insulin resistance unite type 2 diabetes and autoimmune hypothyroidism, while obesity is often associated with a reduction in thyroid function.

The functional alterations of the thyroid (both if hyper- and hypo-function) predispose to cardiovascular diseases.

Therefore, the aim of this book is to sensitize specialists and physicians on the importance of a correct management of bone fragility from diagnosis to therapy, through shared paths, territorial networks and ultra-specialized centers. Furthermore, considering the mechanism of action and the side effects of the new anti-diabetic and anti-osteporosis drugs, a specific focus will be given to the interaction " Diabetes-Bone Fragility" , often underestimated in the diagnostic-therapeutic pathways.

Lastly, the analogies and the pathogenetic correlations between thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease will be shown, highlighting the role of prevention of obesity and diseases related with the cardiovascular system.

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Part 1: Thyroid, Diabetes, Osteoporosis: pathophysiology: Thyroid dysfunction, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. - Diabetes, thyroid and bone fragility: a dangerous triangle. - Growth hormone, Insulin-like growth hormone-I axis and Bone fragility. - Bone Fragility in Diabetes: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. - Study of the basal metabolic rate in thyroid dysfunctions and diabetes. - New onset Graves disease and type 1 diabetes after COVID-19 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. - Fractures in the elderly with osteoporosis. - Part 2: Pharmacological therapies: Osteoporosis drugs: old and new drugs. - New antidiabetic drugs: effects on bone. - Metformin: glycemic and extraglycemic actions. - Insulin and bone. - Thyroid and bone. - Formulations for the replacement therapy of hypothyroidism: state of the art and perspectives. - Pharmacological interactions of levothyroxine in multiple-treated patients. - Cardiovascular Effects of GLP-1 Analogues. - Insulin, technologies and telemedicine. - Part 3: Non-pharmacological therapies: Nutritional approach in thyroid disease: reality and myths to dispel. - Nutritional approach in diabetes: " old but gold" . - Part 4. Endocrine Management: Minimally invasive treatments of the thyroid: the European guidelines. - Diabetic Osteoporosis Clinical Case.