Victor Hugo (1802-85), novelist, poet, playwright, and French national icon, is best known for two of today’ s most popular world classics: Les Misé rables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, as well as other works, including The Toilers of the Sea and The Man Who Laughs. Hugo was elected to the Acadé mie Franç aise in 1841. As a statesman, he was named a Peer of France in 1845. He served in France’ s National Assemblies in the Second Republic formed after the 1848 revolution, and in 1851 went into self-imposed exile upon the ascendance of Napoleon III, who restored France’ s government to authoritarian rule. Hugo returned to France in 1870 after the proclamation of the Third Republic.