Life Cycle Tribology

The 31st Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology was held at Trinity and All Saints College in Leeds under the title "Life Cycle Tribology" from Tuesday 7th September until Friday 10th September 2004. Over the three days of presentations that followed, life cycle tribology was explored across a range of areas including automotive tribology, bearings, bio-degradability and sustainability, bio-tribology, coatings, condition monitoring, contact mechanics, debris effects, elastohydrodynamic lubrication, lubricants, machine systems, nanotribology, rolling contact fatigue, transmissions, tribochemistry and wear and failure. Invited talks in these fields were presented by leading international researchers and practitioners, namely C. J. Hooke, J. A. Williams, R. J. K. Wood, G. Isaac, S. C. Tung, D. Price, I. Sherrington, M. Hadfield, K. Kato, R. I. Taylor, H. P. Evans, R. S. Dwyer-Joyce and H. Rahnejat.

1;Front Cover;1 2;Life Cycle Tribology;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Introduction;6 5;A Short History and Summary of Publication Arrangements for the Leeds/Lyon Symposia on Tribology; Symposia-1-31, (1974-2004);10 6;Refereeing;12 7;Table of Contents;14 8;Session I Keynote Addresses;24 8.1;Technology of a Traction Drive CVT Past, Present and Future;26 8.1.1;1. Introduction;26 8.1.2;2. History of traction drive CVT;26 8.1.3;3. Technology of toroidal CVT;27 8.1.4;4. Introduction of toroidal CVT to the market;33 8.1.5;5. Perspective of toroidal CVT;34 8.1.6;6. Conclusion;35 8.1.7;References;35 8.2;Life Cycle Engineering and Virtual Product Development The Role of Tribology;38 8.2.1;Abstract;38 8.2.2;1. Introduction;38 8.2.3;2. Tribology's contributions to "life cycle engineering";41 8.2.4;3. Outlook to the future;49 8.2.5;References;49 9;Session II Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 1;52 9.1;Invited Paper: The Effect of Roughness in EHL Contacts;54 9.1.1;1. Introduction;54 9.1.2;2. Notation;55 9.1.3;3. Effect of roughness;56 9.1.4;4. Conditions in the conjunction;56 9.1.5;5. The complementary wave;61 9.1.6;6. Effect of roughness amplitude;65 9.1.7;7. Conclusions;65 9.1.8;8. References;66 9.2;Complete Numerical Analysis for Mixed Boundary and Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Steady-State Point Contacts;70 9.2.1;Nomenclature;70 9.2.2;1. Introduction;71 9.2.3;2. Basic equations;71 9.2.4;3. Numerical procedure;73 9.2.5;4. Results;74 9.2.6;5. Conclusion;76 9.2.7;Acknowledgements;78 9.2.8;References;78 9.3;The Influence of Slide-to-Roll Ratio on Lubricant Film Thickness Distribution in the Vicinity of Real Roughness Features Passing Through EHD Point Contact;80 9.3.1;1. Introduction;80 9.3.2;2. Experimental method;81 9.3.3;3. Results and discussion;82 9.3.4;4. Conclusions;87 9.3.5;Acknowledgements;87 9.3.6;References;87 9.4;Unsteady EHL: An Inverse Hydrodynamic Formulation;88 9.4.1;1. Introduction;88 9.4.2;2. Analysis;89 9.4.3;3. Numerical example: normal approach;91 9.4.4;4. F
uture work;93 9.4.5;Acknowledgements;93 9.4.6;Principal nomenclature;93 9.4.7;References;94 9.4.8;Appendix A: Fluid system (C & b);95 9.4.9;Appendix B: Solid system (K & B);96 9.4.10;Appendix C: Pressure-viscosity relation;96 9.4.11;Appendix D: Fluid elements (4-node bilinear rectangle);96 9.4.12;Appendix E: Solid elements (4-node bilinear rectangle);96 9.4.13;Appendix F: Computation strategy;97 10;Session III Nanotribology 1;98 10.1;Invited Paper: Some Aspects of Tribological Behaviour at the Microscale with Particular Reference to MEMs and MMAs;100 10.1.1;1. Introduction;100 10.1.2;2. Influence of scaling;102 10.1.3;3. Tribological challenges in MEMS;104 10.1.4;4. Measuring friction and wear in MEMS devices;107 10.1.5;5. Conclusions;109 10.1.6;6. Acknowledegements;110 10.1.7;References;110 10.2;Chain Matching Effects of Base Oils and Additives in Nanotribology of Boundary Films;112 10.2.1;1. Introduction;112 10.2.2;2. Experimental details;113 10.2.3;3. Results and discussion;115 10.2.4;4. Conclusions;121 10.2.5;Acknowledgement;121 10.2.6;References;121 10.3;Lubrication Properties of Al2O3 Nanoparticles in Aqueous Suspensions;124 10.3.1;1. Introduction;124 10.3.2;2. Experimental;124 10.3.3;3. Results;125 10.3.4;4. Discussion;127 10.3.5;5. Conclusions;128 10.3.6;6. References;128 11;Session IV Lubricants 1;130 11.1;Invited Paper: Electrostatic Monitoring of the Effects of Carbon Black on Lubricated Steel/Steel Sliding Contacts;132 11.1.1;1. Introduction;132 11.1.2;2. Experimental procedure;134 11.1.3;3. Results and discussion;137 11.1.4;4. References;142 11.2;Evaluation of lonic Liquids for the Application as Lubricants;146 11.2.1;1. Introduction;146 11.2.2;2. Samples;147 11.2.3;3. Experiments;147 11.2.4;4. Results and discussion;148 11.2.5;5. Conclusions;152 11.2.6;6. Future work;152 11.2.7;7. Acknowledgement;152 11.2.8;References;152 11.3;Measurement Method of Physical Properties of Adsorbed Layers;154 11.3.1;1. Introduction;154 11.3.2;2. Experiments;154 11.3.3;3.
Results and discussion;155 11.3.4;4. Conclusions;156 11.3.5;Acknowledgements;157 11.3.6;References;157 11.4;Effectiveness of Boundary Lubricant Additives on Some Coated Surfaces;158 11.4.1;1. Introduction;158 11.4.2;2. Background;159 11.4.3;3. Experimental techniques;160 11.4.4;4. Test materials;161 11.4.5;5. Film thickness results;161 11.4.6;6. Friction coefficient results;163 11.4.7;7. Conclusions;165 11.4.8;References;166 12;Session V Bio-Tribology 1;168 12.1;Invited Paper: Life Cycle Aspects of Total Replacement Hip Joints;170 12.1.1;1. Introduction;171 12.1.2;2. Early days;171 12.1.3;3. The long-term experience with polyethylene;172 12.1.4;4. Improved testing techniques;173 12.1.5;5. Solutions with polyethylene;174 12.1.6;6. Summary-polyethylene bearings;175 12.1.7;7. The return to hard-on-hard;176 12.1.8;8. Contemporary issues with metal-on-metal bearings;176 12.1.9;9. Factors affecting hard-on-hard wear;176 12.1.10;10. Optimising metal/metal bearings;177 12.1.11;11. Ceramic-on-ceramic;178 12.1.12;12. The 'ceramic anomaly';179 12.1.13;13. Wear resistant coatings;180 12.1.14;14. Summary hard/hard bearings;181 12.1.15;15. Final conclusions;182 12.1.16;16. References;182 12.2;Evaluation of Wear Resistance of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Joint Prostheses in the Multi-Directional Pin-On-Plate Tester;184 12.2.1;1. Introduction;184 12.2.2;2. Materials and methods;185 12.2.3;3. Results;187 12.2.4;4. Discussion;188 12.2.5;5. Conclusions;191 12.2.6;6. Acknowledgments;191 12.2.7;7. References;191 12.3;The Influences of Lipid and Protein Concentration on Wear of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene;194 12.3.1;1. Introduction;194 12.3.2;2. Materials and methods;195 12.3.3;3. Results;197 12.3.4;4. Discussions;198 12.3.5;5. Conclusions;200 12.3.6;Acknowledgment;200 12.3.7;References;200 12.4;Wear Process Under Concentrated Contact in Alumina/Alumina Hip Joint;202 12.4.1;1. Introduction;202 12.4.2;2. Materials and method;202 12.4.3;3. Result;203 12.4.4;4.
Discussion;206 12.4.5;5. A standard test for wear of ceramic materials;206 12.4.6;6. Summary;207 12.4.7;References;207 13;Session VI Coatings 1;208 13.1;Invited Paper: An In-Situ Tribotest Method Designed for Predicting Wear Life and Frictional Performance During the Aluminium Forming Process;210 13.1.1;Abstract;210 13.1.2;1. Introduction;211 13.1.3;2. Experimental design;213 13.1.4;3. Experimental results and discussion;216 13.1.5;4. Summary and conclusion;218 13.1.6;5. Acknowledgments;219 13.1.7;6. References;219 13.2;Durability of Perfluoropolyether Nanolubricant Film Fixed on Diamond-Like Carbon Surfaces;230 13.2.1;1. Introduction;230 13.2.2;2. Sample preparation;231 13.2.3;3. Measurements;232 13.2.4;4. Results and discussion;233 13.2.5;5. Conclusion;234 13.2.6;References;235 13.3;Rolling and Rolling-to-Sliding Contact Behaviour of DLC Coatings;236 13.3.1;Abstract;236 13.3.2;1 Introduction;236 13.3.3;2 Experimental;237 13.3.4;3 Results;239 13.3.5;4 Discussion;240 13.3.6;5 Conclusions;242 13.3.7;References;242 14;Session VII Transmissions;244 14.1;Invited Paper: A Full Toroidal Traction Drive IVT for Automotive Volume Production;246 14.1.1;1. Introduction;246 14.1.2;2. Background;246 14.1.3;3. The effect of roller cooling advances on power capacity;247 14.1.4;4. Advances in traction fluids;248 14.1.5;5. Variator efficiency;249 14.1.6;6. Durability;250 14.1.7;7. Mechanical optimisation;252 14.1.8;8. The pre-production transmission;253 14.1.9;9. Conclusion;253 14.1.10;10. Acknowledgements;253 14.1.11;References;253 14.2;Effects of Maximum Hertzian Pressure on the Maximum Traction Coefficient Under EHL Conditions;254 14.2.1;1. Introduction;254 14.2.2;2. Experimental procedure;255 14.2.3;3. Numerical procedure;255 14.2.4;4. Results and discussion;257 14.2.5;5. Conclusions;260 14.2.6;References;260 14.3;Structure and Mechanical Property of Boundary Lubricating Film Formed in Belt-Type CVT Oil;262 14.3.1;I. Introduction;262 14.3.2;2. Experimental Details;263 14.3.3;3.
Results and discussion;263 14.3.4;4. Summery;265 14.3.5;5. Ackowledgenents;267 14.3.6;References;267 14.4;Efficiency Modelling in the Full Toriodal Variator: Investigation into Optimisation of EHL Contact Conditions to Maximize Contact Efficiency;268 14.4.1;1. Introduction;268 14.4.2;2. Numerical modeling of the EHL contacts of the full toroidal variator;270 14.4.3;3. Measurement of variator efficiency and the effects of endload;272 14.4.4;4. Variator design tool;273 14.4.5;5. Further investigation of relationship between applied endload and variator efficiency;274 14.4.6;6. Conclusions;277 14.4.7;References;277 15;Session VIII Tribochemistry;280 15.1;Tribochemical Approach Toward Mechanism for Synergism of Lubricant Additives on Antiwear and Friction Reducing Properties;282 15.1.1;1. Introduction;282 15.1.2;2. Experimental;283 15.1.3;3. Results and discussion;284 15.1.4;4. Conclusions;287 15.1.5;Acknowledgents;291 15.1.6;References;291 15.2;Tribochemistry of Mono Molecular Additive Films on Metal Surfaces, Investigated by XPS and HFRR;292 15.2.1;1. Introduction;292 15.2.2;2. Materials and methods;295 15.2.3;3. Results;299 15.2.4;4. Discussion, conclusion and outlook;303 15.2.5;Acknowledgement;304 15.2.6;References;304 15.3;Water-Accelerated Chemical Reaction for Producing Gear Teeth with High Form Accuracy and Fine Surface Finish;306 15.3.1;1. Introduction;306 15.3.2;2. Experimental procedure;307 15.3.3;3. Results and discussion;307 15.3.4;4. Conclusions;313 15.3.5;Acknowledgements;314 15.3.6;References;314 16;Session IX Condition Monitoring;316 16.1;Invited Paper: Condition Monitoring as a Tool to Aid Compliance with ISO 14000;318 16.1.1;1 Introduction;318 16.1.2;2. Aims and general principles of ISO 14000;320 16.1.3;3. Condition monitoring and ISO 14000;320 16.1.4;4. Assessing the condition of lubricants;322 16.1.5;5. Case studies;323 16.1.6;6. Future developments;325 16.1.7;7. Conclusions;326 16.1.8;References;326 16.2;Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Method for Mea
surement of Oil Film Thickness in a Hydraulic Motor Piston Ring;328 16.2.1;1. Introduction;328 16.2.2;2. Background;329 16.2.3;3. Ultrasonic measurement apparatus;330 16.2.4;4. Piston ring and cylinder apparatus;331 16.2.5;5. Results;332 16.2.6;6. Discussion;333 16.2.7;7. Conclusions;334 16.2.8;References;334 16.3;Ultrasonic Reflection from Mixed Liquid-Solid Contacts and the Determination of Interface Stiffness;336 16.3.1;1. Introduction;336 16.3.2;2. Background;336 16.3.3;3. Apparatus and method;338 16.3.4;4. Results;340 16.3.5;5. Analysis;340 16.3.6;6. Discussion;341 16.3.7;7. Conclusions;342 16.3.8;References;343 17;Session X Rolling Contact Fatigue;344 17.1;Extended Finite Element Method for Numerical Simulation of 3D Fatigue Crack Growth;346 17.1.1;Abstract;346 17.1.2;1. Introduction;346 17.1.3;2. X-FEM concepts for crack propagation analysis;347 17.1.4;3. New results for non linear situations;348 17.1.5;4. Experimental crack propagation interpretation;349 17.1.6;5. Conclusion;350 17.1.7;Acknowledgments;350 17.1.8;References;350 17.2;A Mixed Mode Fatigue Crack Model with a Coupled X-FEM/LATIN Method. Application to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF);352 17.2.1;1. Introduction;352 17.2.2;2. Continuous formulation of a frictional contact problem;353 17.2.3;3. Variational formulation;354 17.2.4;4. Discretisation;354 17.2.5;5. Iterative solver for the contact problem solution;357 17.2.6;6. Stress intensity factors computation;358 17.2.7;7. Numerical examples and results;360 17.2.8;8. Conclusion;362 17.2.9;References;362 17.3;Study on Rolling Contact Fatigue in Hydrogen Atmosphere - Improvement of Rolling Contact Fatigue Life by Formation of Surface Film;366 17.3.1;1. Introduction;366 17.3.2;2. Test method;366 17.3.3;3. Test result;367 17.3.4;4. Discussion;371 17.3.5;5. Conclusion;373 17.3.6;References;373 17.4;Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of Bearing Steel Rollers Lubricated with Low Viscosity Traction Oil;374 17.4.1;1. Introduction;374 17.4.2;2. Experimental;374 17.4.3
;3. Test results and discussion;376 17.4.4;4. TEHL analysis;378 17.4.5;5. Conclusions;382 17.4.6;Acknowledgments;383 17.4.7;Appendix;383 17.4.8;Nomenclature;384 17.4.9;References;385 18;Session XI Bio-Tribology 2;386 18.1;Diatom Biotribology;388 18.1.1;1. Introduction;388 18.1.2;2. Micro- and nanosystems;389 18.1.3;3. Appropriate technology and biomimetics;389 18.1.4;4. Diatoms as tribological model systems;390 18.1.5;5. Conclusions and outlook;392 18.1.6;Acknowledgement;392 18.1.7;References;392 18.2;Friction of Contact Lenses: Silicone Hydrogel Versus Conventional Hydrogel;394 18.2.1;1. Introduction;394 18.2.2;2. Background;395 18.2.3;3 Materials and methods;396 18.2.4;4 Results;398 18.2.5;5. Discussion;400 18.2.6;6. Conclusions;401 18.2.7;7. Acknowledgements;401 18.2.8;References;401 18.3;Modelling the Blood Flow in an Aorta; The MPTT and Modified MPTT Models;404 18.3.1;1. Introduction;404 18.3.2;2. Blood;405 18.3.3;3. Phan-thien and tanner model;406 18.3.4;4. Application;408 18.3.5;5. Results;409 18.3.6;6. Conclusions;410 18.3.7;References;410 18.3.8;Websites;410 18.4;A Novel Technique for Evaluation of Articular Cartilage Lubrication Based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance;412 18.4.1;1. Introduction;412 18.4.2;2. Materials and methods;414 18.4.3;3. Results;416 18.4.4;4. Discussion;418 18.4.5;5. Conclusion;420 18.4.6;References;420 19;Session XII Coatings 2;422 19.1;The Effect of Si Content and Substrate Bias on Structural and Tribological Properties of (Cr, Si)N Coatings Under Water Lubrication;424 19.1.1;1. Introduction;424 19.1.2;2. Experimental procedure;425 19.1.3;3. Result and discussions;425 19.1.4;4. Summary;429 19.1.5;Acknowledgement;430 19.1.6;References;430 19.2;Tribological Characteristics of WC1-x, W2C and WC Tungsten Carbide Films;432 19.2.1;1 Introduction;432 19.2.2;2 Experiments details;433 19.2.3;3 Results and discussions;434 19.2.4;4 Summary and conclusions;439 19.2.5;Acknowledgments;440 19.2.6;References;440 20;Session XIII Lubricants 2;442 20.
1;Power Loss in FZG Gears Lubricated with Industrial Gear Oils: Biodegradable Ester vs. Mineral Oil;444 20.1.1;Abstract;444 20.1.2;1. Introduction;444 20.1.3;2. Lubricants;445 20.1.4;3. Gear simulation tests;447 20.1.5;4. Gear power loss tests;448 20.1.6;5. Results and discussion;449 20.1.7;6. Conclusions;452 20.1.8;Acknowledgement;453 20.1.9;References;453 20.2;The Effect of Dissolved lons on Tribological Properties in Water;454 20.2.1;1. Introduction;454 20.2.2;2. Experimental details;455 20.2.3;3. Results;457 20.2.4;4. Discussion;462 20.2.5;5. Conclusion;463 20.2.6;Acknowledgements;463 20.2.7;References;463 20.3;Comparative Theoretical and Experimental Study of Linear and Star Polymer Additive Degradation in Kurt Orbahn Tests;464 20.3.1;1. Introduction;464 20.3.2;2. Kinetic equation for stressinduced degradation of lubricants with linear polymeric additives (vm);464 20.3.3;3. Probability of scission and the density of conditional probability of scission;468 20.3.4;4. Modeling of forming star polymeric molecules from linear polymeric molecules and cores;469 20.3.5;5. Dependence of lubricant viscosity on distribution of polymeric molecules;469 20.3.6;6. Approximation of the initial experimentally obtained distribution of star polymeric additives;470 20.3.7;7. Some properties of the kinetic equations, numerical results and comparison with test data;471 20.3.8;Conclusions;476 20.3.9;Acknowledgement;477 20.3.10;References;477 21;Session XIV Bio-degradability - Sustainability;478 21.1;Invited Paper: Sustainable Development Thinking in Tribology Design;480 21.1.1;1. Introduction;480 21.1.2;2. Sustainable development thinking in engineering and tribology design;481 21.1.3;3. Case study: refrigerator durability;482 21.1.4;4 Closing remarks;484 21.1.5;Acknowledgement;485 21.1.6;References;485 21.2;Sliding Experiments of Steels in Gaseous Hydrogen;488 21.2.1;1. Introduction;488 21.2.2;2. Experimental;489 21.2.3;3. Results;490 21.2.4;4. Discussion;494 21.2.5;5. Conclusions;4
96 21.2.6;Acknowledgements;496 21.2.7;References;496 21.3;Ecological-Friendly Oil Film on Water Fog Metalworking Fluid;498 21.3.1;1. Introduction;498 21.3.2;2. Concept of oil film on water fog metalworking fluid;498 21.3.3;3. Machining tests of aluminum endmilling;499 21.3.4;4. Machining accuracy;500 21.3.5;5. Mechanism of cutting force reduction;502 21.3.6;6. Conclusions;503 21.3.7;References;503 21.4;Lubrication in Refrigeration Systems: Performance of Journal Bearings Lubricated with Oil and Refrigerant Mixtures;504 21.4.1;1. Introduction;504 21.4.2;2. Nomenclature;505 21.4.3;3. Model development;506 21.4.4;4. Results and discussion;508 21.4.5;5. Conclusions;512 21.4.6;Acknowledgements;512 21.4.7;References;512 21.4.8;Appendix: Calculation of physical properties;513 22;Session XV Machine Systems 1;516 22.1;Invited Paper: Modern Tribology in Life Cycle Assessment;518 22.1.1;1. Introduction;518 22.1.2;2. Tribology for reducing impacts by vehicles;519 22.1.3;3. Challenges of tribology in LCA;520 22.1.4;4. Modern tribo-technology and tribo-approach in LCA;521 22.1.5;5. Discussion;525 22.1.6;6. Concluding remarks;528 22.1.7;Acknowledgment;528 22.1.8;References;528 22.2;An Experimental Study on the Friction Behaviour of Aircraft Hydraulic Actuator Elastomeric Reciprocating Seals;530 22.2.1;1. Introduction;530 22.2.2;2. Experimental rig arrangement;531 22.2.3;3. Results and discussion;532 22.2.4;4. Conclusions;537 22.2.5;5. Acknowledgements;537 22.2.6;References;537 22.3;Experimental Study on Gas Transportation in Radial Shaft Seals;540 22.3.1;1. Introduction;540 22.3.2;2. Test methods;541 22.3.3;3. Test results;543 22.3.4;4. Discussion;544 22.3.5;5. Conclusions;546 22.3.6;References;546 22.4;Friction Coefficient Between Gear Teeth in Mixed Film Lubrication;548 22.4.1;Abstract;548 22.4.2;1. Introduction;548 22.4.3;2. Mixed film lubrication model;548 22.4.4;3. Lubricant tractton curves;551 22.4.5;4. Friction coefficient in FZG gears;551 22.4.6;5. Numerical results;552 22
.4.7;6. Discussion of the results;554 22.4.8;Conclusion;555 22.4.9;Acknowledgements;555 22.4.10;References;555 22.4.11;Nomenclature;556 23;Session XVI Contact Mechanics, Wear and Failure;558 23.1;Analytical Studies of Contact Problems for Fractal Surfaces;560 23.1.1;1. Introduction;560 23.1.2;2. Surface roughness and fractals;561 23.1.3;3. The Majumdar-Bhushan model;562 23.1.4;4. The B-M models;563 23.1.5;5. Contact for PH-punches;564 23.1.6;6. Contact for PH-punches;565 23.1.7;7. Conclusion;566 23.1.8;References;567 23.2;A Model of Seizure based on Burwell and Strang's Concept of Wear Mode Transition;570 23.2.1;1. Introduction;570 23.2.2;2. Modification of BS model;571 23.2.3;3. A model of seizure process;574 23.2.4;4. Discussion;575 23.2.5;5. Summary;575 23.2.6;6. Acknowledgment;575 23.2.7;References;575 23.3;An Asperity based Model for Wear Rate in Mixed Lubrication;578 23.3.1;1. Introduction;578 23.3.2;2. Topographic model;579 23.3.3;3. Experimental results;581 23.3.4;4. Conclusions;583 23.3.5;5. Acknowledgements;584 23.3.6;References;584 23.3.7;6. Notations;584 24;Session XVII Automotive 1;586 24.1;Invited Paper: Lubricants and Energy Efficiency: Life-cycle Analysis;588 24.1.1;1. Introduction;588 24.1.2;2. Fuel economy engine lubricants;589 24.1.3;3. Energy efficient hydraulic fluids;591 24.1.4;4. Energy efficient gear oils;592 24.1.5;5. Life-cycle cost analysis;593 24.1.6;6. Future options;593 24.1.7;7. Conclusions;594 24.1.8;8. Acknowledgements;594 24.1.9;9. References;595 24.2;Starved Hydrodynamic Lubrication of the Piston Ring Cylinder Liner Contact: Preliminary Study of the Influence of Surface Texturing;596 24.2.1;1. Introduction;596 24.2.2;2. Nomenclature;597 24.2.3;3. Geometrical Model;598 24.2.4;4. Numerical solution;601 24.2.5;5. Pure rolling conditions;602 24.2.6;6. Pure sliding conditions;604 24.2.7;Conclusion;605 24.2.8;Acknowledgment;605 24.2.9;References;605 24.3;A Model for Diesel Fuel Additive Lubricity;608 24.3.1;1. Introduction;608 24.3.2;2.
Wear Scar Laboratory Test Results;609 24.3.3;3. A Detailed Model for Diesel Fuel Additive Lubricity;610 24.3.4;4. The Effect of Multiple Lubricity Additives;612 24.3.5;5. Conclusion;613 24.3.6;6. Further Work;613 24.3.7;References;614 24.4;The Degradation of Lubricants in Gasoline Engines: Development of a Test Procedure to Evaluate Engine Oil Degradation and Its Consequences for Rheology;616 24.4.1;1. Introduction;616 24.4.2;2. Theory;616 24.4.3;3. Experimental work;618 24.4.4;4. Results;619 24.4.5;5. Discussion;622 24.4.6;6. Conclusions;623 24.4.7;Appendix 1;624 24.4.8;References;624 25;Session XVIII Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 2;626 25.1;Invited Paper: Surface Contact and Damage in Micro-EHL;628 25.1.1;1. Introduction;628 25.1.2;2. Theory;629 25.1.3;3 Results;631 25.1.4;4. Discussion and conclusions;638 25.1.5;5. Acknowledgements;638 25.1.6;6. Notation;638 25.1.7;References;639 25.2;The Transient Elastohydrodynamic Friction Analysis of Main Bearings;640 25.2.1;1. Introduction;640 25.2.2;2. Software tools;640 25.2.3;3. Engine tests;643 25.2.4;4. Results;643 25.2.5;5. Conclusions;647 25.2.6;6. Notation;648 25.2.7;7. References;648 25.3;Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Micro-EHL Problem of Point Contact with a Single Surface Bump;650 25.3.1;Nomenclature;650 25.3.2;1 Introduction;651 25.3.3;2 Basic equations;651 25.3.4;3 Numerical procedure;653 25.3.5;4 Results and discussion;653 25.3.6;5 Conclusions;657 25.3.7;Acknowledgement;657 25.3.8;References;657 25.4;Roughness Amplitude Reduction Under Non-Newtonian EHD Lubrication Conditions;660 25.4.1;Notations;660 25.4.2;Indices;661 25.4.3;1. Introduction;661 25.4.4;2. Theoretical background;662 25.4.5;3. Numerical solution;664 25.4.6;4. Numerical results;665 25.4.7;5. Conclusion;669 25.4.8;6. Recommendations;669 25.4.9;References;670 26;Session XIX Coatings 3;672 26.1;Sliding Wear of Oxygen Diffusion Hardened Ti-6Al-4V in Physiological Saline;674 26.1.1;1. Introduction;674 26.1.2;2. Experimental procedure;675 26.1.3;3.
Results;675 26.1.4;4. Discussion;678 26.1.5;5. Conclusions;678 26.1.6;6. References;679 26.2;Hard Coatings Durability under Fretting Wear;680 26.2.1;1. Introduction;680 26.2.2;2. Experiments;681 26.2.3;3. Materials;682 26.2.4;4. Friction Energy Capacity Approach;683 26.2.5;5. Hard coatings durability criterion;686 26.2.6;6. Conclusions;687 26.2.7;References;688 26.3;The Effect of the Crystallographic Orientation of Ag Thin Films on their Tribological Performance;690 26.3.1;1. Introduction;690 26.3.2;2. Experimental procedure;691 26.3.3;3. Results and discussions;692 26.3.4;4. Summary;694 26.3.5;Acknowledgements;694 26.3.6;Reference;694 26.4;The Effect of Sliding History on the Steady State Friction Coefficient Between Cnx Coatings Under N2 Lubrication;696 26.4.1;1. Introduction;696 26.4.2;2. Experimental procedure;696 26.4.3;3. Results and discussions;698 26.4.4;4. Conclusions;700 26.4.5;Acknowledgements;700 26.4.6;References;700 27;Session XX Wear and Debris Effects;702 27.1;Invited Paper: The Life Cycle of a Debris Particle;704 27.1.1;1. Introduction;704 27.1.2;2. Particle generation;704 27.1.3;3. Entrainment into machine element contacts;705 27.1.4;4. Particle behaviour;707 27.1.5;5. Surface damage;708 27.1.6;6. Rolling contact fatigue;709 27.1.7;7. Wear by debris particles;710 27.1.8;8. Conclusion;711 27.1.9;9. References;712 27.2;Experimental Investigations of Rolling Contact Fatigue of Dented Surfaces Using Artificial Defects;714 27.2.1;1. Introduction;714 27.2.2;2. Fatigue life consideration;715 27.2.3;3. Experimental procedure;716 27.2.4;4. Tests results under pure rolling condition;718 27.2.5;5. Test results under rolling sliding conditions;721 27.2.6;6. Conclusion;723 27.2.7;7. Acknowledgments;724 27.2.8;8. References;724 27.3;Stability, Wear and Corrosion Characteristics of Rapidly Solidified High Temperature Al-8Fe-4Ce Alloy;726 27.3.1;1. Introduction;726 27.3.2;2. Experimental procedure;727 27.3.3;3. Results and discussion;728 27.3.4;4. Conclusions;731
27.3.5;References;731 27.4;Predicting the Growth of RCF Crack with the Use of the 3D Multi Size Finite Element Model;732 27.4.1;1. Introduction;732 27.4.2;2. Modelling;733 27.4.3;3. Crack growth;736 27.4.4;4. Results and discussion;739 27.4.5;5. Conclusions;742 27.4.6;Acknowledgments;743 27.4.7;References;743 28;Session XXI Bearings;746 28.1;Invited Paper: Integrated Tribological Analysis within a Multi-Physics Approach to System Dynamics;748 28.1.1;1. Nomenclature;748 28.1.2;2. Introduction;749 28.1.3;3. Piston-connecting rod-crank system;749 28.1.4;4. Valve train system;753 28.1.5;5. Concluding remarks;759 28.1.6;Acknowledgments;759 28.1.7;References;760 28.2;Tribological Performance of Selected Bearings and Bearing Materials used for Nanopositioning;762 28.2.1;1. Introduction;762 28.2.2;2. Experimental details;763 28.2.3;3. Results;765 28.2.4;4. Discussions;769 28.2.5;5. Conclusions;772 28.2.6;Acknowledgments;773 28.2.7;References;773 28.3;Influence of Manufacturing Error of Roundness for Characteristics of Cylindrical Journal Bearing;774 28.3.1;1. Introduction;774 28.3.2;2. Notation;774 28.3.3;3. Analysis;774 28.3.4;4. Results and discussion;776 28.3.5;5. Conclusions;776 28.3.6;Acknowledgments;776 28.3.7;References;776 29;Session XXII Automative 2;778 29.1;Additive/Additive Interactions in Boundary Lubrication A Study of Film Formation and Tenacity;780 29.1.1;1. Introduction;780 29.1.2;2. Experimental design;781 29.1.3;3. Results;783 29.1.4;4. Discussion;788 29.1.5;5. Conclusions;789 29.1.6;Acknowledgments;789 29.1.7;References;789 29.2;Fundamental Study of Changes in Friction and Wear Characteristics Due to ZnDTP Deterioration in Simulating Engine Oil Degradation During Use (Part 2)...;792 29.2.1;1. Introduction;792 29.2.2;2. Experimental;793 29.2.3;3. Results and discussion;794 29.2.4;4. Conclusions;800 29.2.5;Acknowledgments;800 29.2.6;References;800 29.3;The Degradation of Lubricants in Gasoline Engines: Lubricant Flow and Degradation in the Piston Assembly
;802 29.3.1;1. Introduction;802 29.3.2;2. Experimental;802 29.3.3;3. Results;803 29.3.4;4. Discussion;805 29.3.5;5. Conclusions;808 29.3.6;Acknowledgments;809 29.3.7;References;809 30;Session XXIII Machine Systems 2;810 30.1;Seizure Tests to Select Materials for Cylinder Blocks and Valve Plates in Water Hydraulic Pumps;812 30.1.1;1. Introduction;812 30.1.2;2. Experimantal prociedures;813 30.1.3;3. Experimantal results;815 30.1.4;4. Discussion;819 30.1.5;5. Conclusions;820 30.1.6;Acknowledgment;820 30.1.7;References;820 30.2;A Reduced-Scale Testing Machine for Tribological Evaluation of Brake Materials;822 30.2.1;1. Introduction;822 30.2.2;2. Reduced-scale design;823 30.2.3;3. Experimantal;827 30.2.4;4. Results and discussion;828 30.2.5;5. Conclusions;829 30.2.6;References;829 30.3;Experimental-Numerical Friction Factor Determination;830 30.3.1;1. Introduction;830 30.3.2;2. Theoretical assumptions;830 30.3.3;3. Experimental research;831 30.3.4;4. Numerical simulation;832 30.3.5;5. Result analysis;834 30.3.6;6. Conclusion;835 30.3.7;References;835 31;Session XXIV Nanotribology 2;836 31.1;Effects of Ultra-Violet Irradiation on Conformation and Spreading Characteristics of Molecularly Thin Lubricant Films;838 31.1.1;1. Introduction;838 31.1.2;2. Experimental disk and lubricant;839 31.1.3;3. Irradiation of ultraviolet rays;839 31.1.4;4. Effect of UV irradiation on conformation of lubricant film;839 31.1.5;5. Effect of UV irradiation on spreading characteristics of lubricant film;842 31.1.6;6. Summary;843 31.1.7;Acknowledgment;843 31.1.8;References;843 31.2;Friction and Wear Life Evaluation of Silane Based Self Assembled Monolayers on Silicon Surface;844 31.2.1;1. Introduction;844 31.2.2;2. Experimental;845 31.2.3;3. Results and discussion;846 31.2.4;4. Depositional characteristics;846 31.2.5;5. Conclusions;849 31.2.6;References;849 31.2.7;Acknowledgment;849 31.3;Basic Observations of Tribological Phenomena by Neutron Scattering Methods;850 31.3.1;1. Introduction;850 31.3
.2;2. Basic characteristics of a neutron beam;850 31.3.3;3. Surface profiles at metal-metal interface;851 31.3.4;4. Thickness of ultra-thin oil film at metal-metal interface;853 31.3.5;5. Microscopic structures of basic lubricants;854 31.3.6;6. Conclusions;854 31.3.7;Acknowledgments;855 31.3.8;References;855 32;Session XXV Bio-tribology 3;856 32.1;The Importance of Protein Physisorption in Biomems/NEMS Applications: A Nanotribological Study;858 32.1.1;1. Notation;858 32.1.2;2. Introduction;858 32.1.3;3. Experimental methods;859 32.1.4;4. Results;861 32.1.5;5. Discussion;863 32.1.6;6. Conclusions;866 32.1.7;7. Acknowledgments;866 32.1.8;8. References;866 32.2;Metal-Metal Cervical Disc Implants: Material Investigation Using Pin-on-Plate Wear Tests;868 32.2.1;1. Introduction;868 32.2.2;2. Materials and methods;869 32.2.3;3. Results and discussion;870 32.2.4;4. Conclusions;873 32.2.5;5. Future Work;873 32.2.6;6. Acknowledgments;874 32.2.7;References;874 32.2.8;Appendix A;875 33;Written discussion;876 33.1;Session II - Elastohydrodynamics - 1;878 33.2;Session III - Nanotribqlogy - 1;882 33.3;Session IV - Lubricants - 1;883 33.4;Session V - Bio-tribology - 1;884 33.5;Session VI - Coatings - 1;886 33.6;Session VII - Transmissions;888 33.7;Session VIII - Tribochemistry;890 33.8;Session IX - Condition monitoring;892 33.9;Session X - Rolling contact fatigue;894 33.10;Session XI - Bio-tribolqgy 2;895 33.11;Session XII - Coatings2;898 33.12;Session XIII - Lubricants 2;899 33.13;Session XIV - Bio-degradability sustainability;901 33.14;Session XV - Machine systems 1;901 33.15;Session XVI - Contact mechanics, wear and failure;903 33.16;Session XVII - Automotive - 1;904 33.17;Session XVIII - Elastohydrqdynamiclubrication - 2;908 33.18;Session XIX - Coatings - 3;909 33.19;Session XX - Wear and debris effects;912 33.20;Session XXI - Bearings;914 33.21;Session XXII - Automotive- 2;915 33.22;Session XXIII - Machine systems -2;916 33.23;Session XXIV - Nanotribology -2;917 33.24;Session
XXV - Bio-tribology -3;919 34;List of delegates;922