Advances in Botanical Research

Articles in this volume analyze rapidly evolving approaches, many at the cusp of development, to research plant defense mechanisms, pathogen variability, and epidemiology. Jones and Jones focus on emerging patterns that key resistance genes encode or require leucine-rich repeat proteins. Holub and Beynon analyze associating host resistance specificity with a locus and whether a phenotype is due to single or multiple genes. Ashby combines biochemical, molecular, and classical plant pathology to analyze interactions and provide leads to novel control strategies. Heath and Skalamera question why fungal biotrophs form intracellular structures, the significance of ensuing cellular rearrangements and death of invaded resistant cells. Spencer-Phillips explores the roles of haustoria and intercellular hyphae in intercepting organic and inorganic nutrients from hosts. Chamberlain and Ingram compare pathogen asexual and sexual reproduction for generating genetic variation, physiological and fitness costs and trade-offs. Hardham and Hyde consider new knowledge of sporangiogenesis and zoospore production in oomycetes. Dewey et al. analyze recent advances in accurately enumerating pathogens in soil. Wistemeyer et al. consider opportunities for horizontal gene transfer amongst microbes and plants in soil. Irwin et al. discuss origins of genetic variationof Phytophthora pathogens of pasture legumes. Rodriguez and Redman show how prominent pathogens which also behave as endophytes or saprophytes may influence plant community structure and dynamics. Haubold and Rainey challenge us to consider geneticvariation in plant-colonizing bacterial populations. Milgroom and Fry demonstrate that the practical need to understand pathogen variation is the most significant application of population genetics to disease management.

1;Front Cover;1 2;Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 24;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Contents;6 5;Contributors to Volume 24;16 6;Contents of Volumes 1323;18 7;Series Preface;24 8;Preface;26 9;Chapter 1. Contributions of Population Genetics to Plant Disease Epidemiology and Management;28 9.1;I. Introduction;28 9.2;II. Population Genetics and Plant Pathology;30 9.3;III. What can Population Genetics Contribute to Epidemiology and Plant Disease Management?;32 9.4;IV. Examples of the Integration of Population Genetics and Epidemiology;46 9.5;V. Future Contributions of Population Genetics to Plant Pathology;51 9.6;Acknowledgements;51 9.7;References;52 10;Chapter 2. A Molecular View Through the Looking Glass: the Pyrenopeziza brassicaeBrassica Interaction;58 10.1;I. Introduction;59 10.2;II. The P. brassicaeBrassica Interaction;59 10.3;III. Molecular Techniques in the Analysis of the P. brassicaeBrassica Interaction;65 10.4;IV. Molecular Analysis of Pathogenesis;67 10.5;V. Analysis of the Hemibiotrophic Phase: the Role of Cytokinins;74 10.6;VI. Analysis of Sexual Morphogenesis;78 10.7;VII. A Molecular View through the Looking Glass: the P. brassicae-Brassica Interaction;87 10.8;VIII. Concluding Remarks;92 10.9;Acknowledgements;92 10.10;References;92 11;Chapter 3. The Balance and Interplay Between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Fungi;98 11.1;I. Introduction;98 11.2;II. Initiation of Asexual Sporulation and Sexual Reproduction;99 11.3;III. Comparisons of Genetic Variation, Physiological Costs and Fitness between Asexual and Sexual Systems;100 11.4;IV. Maintaining and Changing the Balance between Reproductive Processes;101 11.5;V. Trade-off between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction;107 11.6;VI. Conclusion;108 11.7;Acknowledgements;109 11.8;References;109 12;Chapter 4. The Role of Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Plant Defences;116 12.1;I. Introduction;117 12.2;II. Resistance Genes Encoding Proteins with Extracytoplasmic LRRs;118 12.3;III. Resistance Genes Encoding Proteins with
Cytoplasmic LRRs;128 12.4;IV. Defence-related Genes Encoding Proteins with Extracytoplasmic LRRs;146 12.5;V. Genes Encoding Proteins of Unknown Function with Extracytoplasmic LRRs;158 12.6;VI. A Gene Encoding a Protein of Unknown Function with Cytoplasmic LRRs;164 12.7;VII. The Evolution of Plant LRR Proteins;165 12.8;VIII. The Structure and Molecular Specificity of Plant LRR Proteins;171 12.9;IX. Concluding Remarks;180 12.10;Acknowledgements;183 12.11;References;183 13;Chapter 5. Fungal Life-styles and Ecosystem Dynamics: Biological Aspects of Plant Pathogens, Plant Endophytes and Saprophytes;196 13.1;I. Introduction;196 13.2;II. Plant Pathogens;198 13.3;III. Plant Endophytes;201 13.4;IV. Saprophytes;203 13.5;V. Life-style Crossroads;206 13.6;VI. Life-styles and Ecosystem Dynamics;209 13.7;VII. Fungal Biology in Agricultural Versus Natural Ecosystems;210 13.8;VIII. The Evolution of Agriculture;211 13.9;IX. Conclusion;213 13.10;Acknowledgements;214 13.11;References;214 14;Chapter 6. Cellular Interactions between Plants and Biotrophic Fungal Parasites;222 14.1;I. Introduction;223 14.2;II. Why do Fungal and Oomycetous Parasites form Intracellular Structures?;225 14.3;III. Of what Significance are the Plant Cellular Rearrangements that Accompany Parasite Invasion?;233 14.4;IV. Why do Biotroph-Invaded Cells Die in Resistant Plants?;237 14.5;V. Conclusions;246 14.6;References;246 15;Chapter 7. Symbiology of Mouse-Ear Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Oomycetes;254 15.1;I. Introduction;255 15.2;II. Defining a New Research Arena of Plant Biology;256 15.3;III. Symbionts from the Wild;260 15.4;IV. Molecular Genetics of Natural Variation;270 15.5;V. Mutations: Revealing Complexity from Black and White;286 15.6;VI. Avenues of Future Research;289 15.7;VII. Concluding Remarks;295 15.8;Acknowledgements;296 15.9;References;296 16;Chapter 8. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Detect, Quantify and Visualize Fungi in Soils;302 16.1;I. Introduction;303 16.2;II. Production of Species-spec
ific and Genus-specific Monoclonal Antibodies;305 16.3;III. Assay Formats;307 16.4;IV. Sample Preparation;310 16.5;V. Detection;314 16.6;VI. Quantification;316 16.7;VII. Visualization;327 16.8;VIII. Concluding Remarks;329 16.9;Acknowledgements;331 16.10;References;331 17;Chapter 9. Function of Fungal Haustoria in Epiphytic and Endophytic Infections;336 17.1;I. Introduction;336 17.2;II. Strategies for Nutrition and Biotrophy: an Overview;338 17.3;III. The Challenge of Biotrophic Nutrient Accumulation;340 17.4;IV. The Role of Haustoria and Intercellular Hyphae in Transfer Intercept;343 17.5;V. Alternative Functions of Haustoria;352 17.6;VI. Summary and Research Priorities;354 17.7;Acknowledgements;355 17.8;References;355 18;Chapter 10. Towards an Understanding of the Population Genetics of Plant-Colonizing Bacteria;362 18.1;I. Introduction;362 18.2;II. Quantifying Genetic Variation: the Indirect Approach;364 18.3;III. The Neutral Theory: Historical Background to the Study of Bacterial Population Genetics;365 18.4;IV. Population Structure;367 18.5;V. The Metapopulation Concept;372 18.6;VI. Conclusions;374 18.7;Acknowledgements;374 18.8;References;374 19;Chapter 11. Asexual Sporulation in the Oomycetes;380 19.1;I. Introduction;380 19.2;II. Sporangiogenesis;384 19.3;III. Zoosporogenesis;404 19.4;Acknowledgements;417 19.5;References;417 20;Chapter 12. Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Rhizosphere: a Curiosity or a Driving Force in Evolution?;426 20.1;I. Horizontal or Lateral Gene Transfer: where does it Occur?;426 20.2;II. Bacteria as Recipients of Foreign DNA;428 20.3;III. Fungi as Recipients of Foreign DNA;437 20.4;IV. Plants as Recipients of Foreign DNA;443 20.5;V. Interkingdom Gene Transfer;447 20.6;VI. Relevance of Lateral Gene Transfer for Evolution;449 20.7;References;451 21;Chapter 13. The Origins of Phytophthora Species Attacking Legumes in Australia;458 21.1;I. Introduction;459 21.2;II. Legumes in Australia;459 21.3;III. Phytophthora Species Attacking Legumes in A
ustralia;460 21.4;IV. Genetic Variation and Possible Origins of Phytophthora Species Attacking Legumes;464 21.5;V. Evolutionary Relationships between Phytophthora Species Attacking Legumes;467 21.6;VI. Evolution of Species and Host Specificity in Phytophthora Species attacking Legumes;469 21.7;VII. Evolution of Cultivar Specificity in Phytophthora sojae;475 21.8;VIII. Concluding Remarks;477 21.9;Acknowledgements;478 21.10;References;478 22;Index;484