Rapeseed is an important oilseed crop belonging to Crucifereae family and grown in subtropical to temperate climate. Recent discoveries have caused the scientific community to respond positively by directing a greater amount of research towards increasing production and improving the quality of rapeseed oil. Today, the annual worldwide production is approximately 7. 5 million tons on 4 million acres. Canola ranks 5th in the production of world's oilseed crops following soybean, sunflower, groundnut and cottonseed. Rapeseed Breeding fully explains the miraculous discoveries about the genetic material which have contributed to the growth of this important crop. With contributions from world-renowned researchers from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, this book provides the first scientific reference for scientists interested in the further exploitation of this important crop. * Presents history, origin and evolution, breeding methods, practical applications of DNA markers, fingerprinting of cultivars, and conservation of rapeseed germplasm* Includes detail of different breeding purposes including breeding for improved oil and meal quality, breeding for winter hardiness, breeding for herbicides, and breeding for hybrid rape. * Provides analysis of ecology, usage, degeneration and application
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Front Cover;1 2;Advances in Botanical Research;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Contents;6 5;Contributors to Volume 45;12 6;Preface;14 7;Contents of Volumes 34-44;16 8;Chapter 1: History, Origin, and Evolution;25 8.1;I. Introduction;26 8.2;II. Area and Production;26 8.3;III. History;30 8.4;IV. Origin and Evolution;33 8.4.1;A. B. campestris;36 8.4.2;B. B. napus;39 8.5;V. Conclusion;41 8.6;References;41 9;Chapter 2: Breeding Methods;45 9.1;I. Introduction;46 9.2;II. Breeding Objectives for Varietal Development;48 9.2.1;A. Genetic Resources;50 9.2.2;B. Sources of Creating New Genetic Variability;51 9.2.3;C. Induced Mutagenesis for Creating New Variability;53 9.3;III. Breeding Methods;54 9.3.1;A. Selection in Genetic Improvement for Yield in Cross- and Self-Pollinated Oilseed Brassicas;54 9.3.2;B. Hybridization and Pedigree Selection;55 9.3.3;C. Development of Commercial Hybrids;56 9.3.4;D. Commercial Hybrids in B. campestris;57 9.3.5;E. Self-Incompatibility and Hybrid Seed Production;58 9.3.6;F. Synthetic and Composite Varieties;58 9.3.7;G. Artificial Synthesis of Amphidiploids for Commercial Cultivation;59 9.3.8;H. Development of Herbicide-Tolerant Cultivars;60 9.3.9;I. Development of Alternaria Blight and Aphid-Resistant Cultivars;61 9.3.10;J. Breeding for Desirable Oil and Meal Quality;62 9.4;IV. Conclusion;65 9.5;References;66 10;Chapter 3: The Chronicles of Oil and Meal Quality Improvement in Oilseed Rape;73 10.1;I. Introduction;74 10.1.1;A. Oil Content;75 10.1.2;B. FA Profile;76 10.1.3;C. Protein Content;77 10.1.4;D. Glucosinolate Content;79 10.1.5;E. Seed Coat Colour;83 10.2;II. Genetic Control of Some Biochemical Constituents;83 10.2.1;A. Oil Content;83 10.2.2;B. Erucic Acid Content;84 10.2.3;C. Glucosinolate Content;85 10.2.4;D. Yellow Seed Coat;88 10.3;III. Techniques for Estimation of Biochemical Composition;88 10.4;IV. The Progress Towards Nutritional Quality Improvement in Rapeseed;93 10.4.1;A. Development of Genotypes with Oil Composition Modifications;94 10.4.2;
B. Development of Low Glucosinolate Genotypes;98 10.4.3;C. Development of Double-Low Genotypes;100 10.5;V. Conclusion;102 10.6;Acknowledgment;103 10.7;References;104 11;Chapter 4: Development and Practical Use of DNA Markers;123 11.1;I. Introduction;124 11.2;II. Development and Use of DNA Markers;125 11.3;III. Molecular Aspects and Application of DNA Markers in Breeding for Important Agronomic Traits of Oilseed Rape Systems of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility;128 11.3.1;A. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility;128 11.3.2;B. Rfo Restorer Gene for CMS Ogu-INRA;132 11.3.3;C. Prediction of Hybrid Performance with the Use of Genetic Markers;136 11.3.4;D. Gene-Flow and Transgene Assessment;137 11.3.5;E. Testing of Candidate Variety;138 11.3.6;F. Pathogens and Abiotic Stress Resistance;139 11.3.7;G. Yellow-Seeded Genotypes;141 11.3.8;H. Dwarf Genotypes;142 11.4;IV. Seed Oil Content;143 11.5;V. Conclusion;149 11.6;Acknowledgments;149 11.7;References;149 12;Chapter 5: Self-Incompatibility;163 12.1;I. Introduction;164 12.2;II. Sequence Diversity of Multiple Alleles of the S-Locus Genes;165 12.3;III. Recognition Specificities of Interspecific.Pairs of S Haplotypes;165 12.4;IV. Genome Structure of the S Locus;167 12.5;V. Function of SLG in Self-Incompatibility;169 12.6;VI. Dominance Relationship of S Haplotypes;169 12.7;VII. Self-Compatibility Caused by Mutations in the S Locus;170 12.8;VIII. Other Genes Participating in Brassica Self-Incompatibility;172 12.9;IX. F1 Hybrid Breeding Using the Self-Incompatibility System;173 12.10;X. Conclusion;174 12.11;References;174 13;Chapter 6: Fingerprinting of Oilseed Rape Cultivars;179 13.1;I. Introduction;180 13.2;II. Fingerprinting Tools in Oilseed Brassicas Cultivar Identification;182 13.3;III. Biochemical Markers, Analysis of Isozymes, and Storage Proteins;184 13.4;IV. Molecular Techniques, Detection of Polymorphism on the Nucleic Acids Level;185 13.4.1;A. Sequencing;185 13.4.2;B. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism;186 13.4.3;C. PCR and Other PC
R-Based Techniques;187 13.5;V. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism;187 13.5.1;A. SSR or Microsatellites;188 13.5.2;B. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism;189 13.6;VI. Molecular Marker Techniques: Application in Cultivar Identification in Oilseed Rape;190 13.7;VII. Conclusion;193 13.8;References;193 14;Chapter 7: Haploid and Doubled Haploid Technology;205 14.1;I. Introduction;206 14.2;II. Increasing Microspore Embryogenesis;209 14.3;III. Efficient Plant Regeneration from Microspore-Derived Embryos;213 14.4;IV. High Frequency Production of DH Plants;218 14.5;V. Determination of Ploidy Level;222 14.6;VI. Mutation and Selection for Rapeseed Improvement;225 14.7;VII. Conclusion;229 14.8;Acknowledgments;231 14.9;References;232 15;Chapter 8: Breeding for Apetalous Rape: Inheritance and Yield Physiology;241 15.1;I. Introduction;242 15.2;II. Origin of Apetalous Rapeseed;242 15.3;III. Effect of Environment on Apetalous Degree in Rape and Effect of Hormones on.Development of Floral Organs;246 15.4;IV. Advantages of Apetalous Rape in Yield;248 15.5;V. Role of Petals in Spreading Diseases;250 15.6;VI. Floral Abnormalities and Inheritance of Floral Characters;251 15.7;VII. Conclusion;252 15.8;References;252 16;Chapter 9: Breeding Herbicide-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;257 16.1;I. Introduction;258 16.2;II. Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape;261 16.2.1;A. Sources of Triazine Tolerance Genes;261 16.2.2;B. Triazine Mechanism of Action;262 16.2.3;C. Genetics of Triazine Tolerance;262 16.2.4;D. Development of New Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines;262 16.2.5;E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals;263 16.2.6;F. Breeding Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;263 16.2.7;G. Registration of Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;264 16.2.8;H. Producer Adoption;265 16.2.9;I. Consumer Acceptance;265 16.2.10;J. Future of Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding;265 16.3;III. Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape;265 16.3.1;A. Sources of Glufosinate-Tolerant Genes;266 16.3.2;B. Glufosinate Mechanism o
f Action;266 16.3.3;C. Genetics of Glufosinate Tolerance;266 16.3.4;D. Development of New Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines;267 16.3.5;E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals;268 16.3.6;F. Breeding Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;269 16.3.7;G. Registration of Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;270 16.3.8;H. Producer Adoption;271 16.3.9;I. Consumer Acceptance;271 16.3.10;J. Future of Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding;271 16.4;IV. Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape;272 16.4.1;A. Sources of Glyphosate Tolerance Genes;272 16.4.2;B. Glyphosate Mechanism of Action;272 16.4.3;C. Genetics of Glyphosate Tolerance;272 16.4.4;D. Development of New Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines;273 16.4.5;E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals;274 16.4.6;F. Breeding Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;275 16.4.7;G. Registration of New Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;276 16.4.8;H. Producer Adoption;276 16.4.9;I. Consumer Acceptance;277 16.4.10;J. Future of Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding;277 16.5;V. Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape;277 16.5.1;A. Source of Imidazolinone Tolerance Genes;277 16.5.2;B. Imidazolinone Mechanism of Action;278 16.5.3;C. Genetics of Imidazolinone Tolerance;278 16.5.4;D. Development of New Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines;279 16.5.5;E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals;279 16.5.6;F. Breeding Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;279 16.5.7;G. Registration of Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;280 16.5.8;H. Producer Adoption;281 16.5.9;I. Consumer Acceptance;281 16.5.10;J. Future of Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding;282 16.6;VI. Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape;282 16.6.1;A. Sources of Bromoxynil Tolerance Genes;282 16.6.2;B. Bromoxynil Mechanism of Action;282 16.6.3;C. Genetics of Bromoxynil Tolerance;283 16.6.4;D. Development of New Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines;283 16.6.5;E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals;284 16.6.6;F. Breeding Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultiva
rs;284 16.6.7;G. Registration of Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars;286 16.6.8;H. Producer Adoption;286 16.6.9;I. Consumer Acceptance;287 16.6.10;J. Future of Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding;287 16.7;VII. Conclusion;287 16.8;References;289 17;Chapter 10: Breeding for Blackleg Resistance: The Biology and Epidemiology;295 17.1;I. Introduction;296 17.2;II. Host Range;297 17.3;III. Genome of the Species;297 17.4;IV. Impact of Blackleg Disease on Rapeseed/Canola Industry;298 17.4.1;A. Disease Symptoms;299 17.4.2;B. Disease Cycle;299 17.4.3;C. Disease Epidemiology;301 17.4.4;D. Disease Control;302 17.5;V. Species Complex: Two Species;306 17.5.1;A. Differentiation of Pathogen Isolates;306 17.6;VI. Pathogenicity Group, Its Distribution, and Application;310 17.7;VII. Population Genetic Diversity and Host Resistance;311 17.7.1;A. Sexual Recombination;311 17.7.2;B. Concept of Gene-For-Gene Hypothesis;312 17.7.3;C. Types of Resistance in Oilseed Rape;313 17.7.4;D. Genetic Studies and Molecular Mapping of Avirulence Genes;314 17.7.5;E. Race Structure of the L. maculans Isolates;316 17.7.6;F. "Cost of Fitness" in L. Maculans;318 17.7.7;G. Durable Resistance in Brassica Species;319 17.7.8;H. Durable Resistance in the Management of Blackleg Disease;320 17.8;VIII. Integrated Avirulence Management;321 17.8.1;A. Induced Resistance and Types;321 17.8.2;B. Avirulent Isolates: Triggering Sar;322 17.8.3;C. SAR in Brassica-Blackleg System;322 17.8.4;D. The Mechanisms of Induced Resistance in the Brassica-Blackleg System;323 17.9;IX. Conclusion;324 17.10;References;324 18;Chapter 11: Development of Alloplasmic Rape;337 18.1;I. Introduction;338 18.2;II. Interspecific Hybrids by In Vitro Technique of Isolated Embryo;339 18.3;III. Primary Species of Brassicas and Alloploids: Secondary Polyploids-Paleopolyploids;339 18.3.1;A. Allopolyploids in Brassica;339 18.4;IV. Methods of Development of Alloplasmatic Hybrids;340 18.5;V. Composition of B5 Gamborg Agar Medium (Some Ingredien
ts Modified);342 18.6;VI. Characteristics of Embryo Placed on Agar Medium with 10% C12H22O11;343 18.7;VII. Cytological Analysis of Hybrid Forms and DNA Analysis of Species Used for Crossings and Analysis of Their Progeny;348 18.8;VIII. Practical Usage of Initial Materials Obtained from Interspecific Crossings within Brassica Genus in Breeding for Resistance;351 18.9;IX. Conclusion;357 18.10;Acknowledgments;358 18.11;References;358 19;Chapter 12: Honeybees and Rapeseed: A Pollinator-Plant Interaction;361 19.1;I. Pollination;362 19.1.1;A. Pollination Needs of Rapeseed;363 19.1.2;B. Floral Biology and Pollination Requirements of Rapeseed Crops;366 19.1.3;C. Pollination Behavior;368 19.1.4;D. Impact of Bee Pollination on Oilseed Crops;369 19.2;II. Insect Pollinators;375 19.2.1;A. Bees Can Discriminate Between Different Lines;378 19.2.2;B. Number of Colonies Required for Pollination;379 19.2.3;C. Pollination Recommendations;379 19.2.4;D. Problems Associated with Bee Pollination;381 19.3;III. Pesticide Application Practices to Reduce Bee Poisoning;383 19.4;IV. Conclusion;384 19.5;References;384 20;Chapter 13: Genetic Variation and Metabolism of Glucosinolates;393 20.1;I. Introduction;394 20.2;II. Chemical Structure of Glucosinolates, Names and Proposed Numbering System for Known Glucosinolates;396 20.3;III. Glucosinolate Biosynthesis;398 20.4;IV. Glucosinolate Stereo-Chemistry;419 20.5;V. Occurrence of Glucosinolates;421 20.6;VI. Specificity of Myrosinase Isoenzymes and Initial Transformation of Glucosinolates;422 20.7;VII. Glucosinolate Metabolism in Undamaged Plants, Autolysis Processes and In Vitro Systems;423 20.8;VIII. Perspectives: Cruciferous Plants (Rapeseed) as Chemical Factories;426 20.9;IX. Conclusion;428 20.10;Acknowledgment;429 20.11;References;429 21;Chapter 14: Mutagenesis: Generation and Evaluation of Induced Mutations;441 21.1;I. Introduction;442 21.1.1;A. Morphological Characters;442 21.1.2;B. Dwarfs;443 21.1.3;C. Flower Mutations;443 21.1.4;D. Siliqua C
haracters;443 21.1.5;E. Yellow Seed Coat;444 21.1.6;F. Insect Pest;444 21.2;II. Yield-Contributing Characters;445 21.3;III. Oil Quality and Fatty Acids;445 21.4;IV. In Vitro Culture and Mutagenesis;446 21.5;V. Molecular Basis of Mutations;448 21.5.1;A. Fatty Acids;448 21.5.2;B. Dwarfs;449 21.6;VI. Conclusion;452 21.7;References;452 22;Chapter 15: Rapeseed Biotechnology;459 22.1;I. Introduction;460 22.2;II. Organogenesis;460 22.3;III. Somatic Embryogenesis;461 22.3.1;A. Microspore Culture and Doubled Haploids;461 22.3.2;B. Factors Affecting Microspore Culture;462 22.3.3;C. Production of Doubled Haploids;462 22.4;IV. Somatic Hybridization;463 22.5;V. Induced Mutations;464 22.6;VI. Somaclonal Variation;465 22.7;VII. Molecular Markers and Their Use;465 22.8;VIII. Transformation;466 22.9;IX. Conclusion;467 22.10;References;468 23;Chapter 16: Oilseed Rape: Co-existence and Gene Flow from Wild Species;475 23.1;I. Introduction;476 23.2;II. Intraspecific Transfer of Genes: Factors Affecting Coexistence;477 23.2.1;A. Pollen Dispersal;477 23.2.2;B. Seed Dispersal;478 23.3;III. Interspecific and Intergeneric Gene Transfer;479 23.3.1;A. B. napus-B. rapa;480 23.3.2;B. B. Napus-R. Raphanistrum;483 23.3.3;C. B. napus-S. arvensis;483 23.3.4;D. B. napus-H. incana;484 23.4;IV. Conclusion;484 23.5;References;484 24;Chapter 17: Evaluation, Maintenance, and Conservation of Germplasm;489 24.1;I. Introduction;490 24.2;II. Germplasm Characterization and Evaluation;494 24.3;III. Germplasm Maintenance and Conservation;495 24.4;IV. Germplasm Registration;499 24.5;V. Germplasm Utilization;499 24.6;VI. Conclusion;499 24.7;References;505 25;Chapter 18: Oil Technology;507 25.1;I. Introduction;508 25.2;II. Pretreatment;509 25.3;III. Dehulling;514 25.4;IV. Preconditioning;516 25.5;V. Flaking;516 25.6;VI. Cooking;517 25.7;VII. Pressing;519 25.8;VIII. Oil Extraction in Small- and Medium-Sized Facilities;521 25.9;IX. Extraction by Solvent;522 25.10;X. Enzyme Pretreatment;526 25.11;XI. Separation of Sol
vent and Oil;527 25.12;XII. Toasting of the Meal;528 25.13;XIII. Other Extraction Methods;528 25.14;XIV. Purification of the Crude Oil;529 25.15;XV. Cold Pressed Oils;529 25.16;XVI. Degumming;532 25.17;XVII. Alkali and Physical Refining;534 25.18;XVIII. Alkali Refining;535 25.19;XIX. Physical Refining;536 25.20;XX. Bleaching;537 25.21;XXI. Deodorization;539 25.22;XXII. Effect of Refining on Contaminants;543 25.23;XXIII. Modification of Rapeseed Oil;544 25.24;XXIV. Winterization;545 25.25;XXV. Interesterification;546 25.26;XXVI. Hydrogenation;547 25.27;XXVII. Conclusion;549 25.28;References;550 26;Author Index;553 27;Subject Index;567
